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The  Yueeeae. 

BY  WILLIAM  TRELEASE. 

(FROM  THE  THIRTEENTH  ANNUAL  REPORT  OF  THE  MISSOURI  BOTANICAL  GARDEN  .) 
Issued  July  30,  1902. 


THE  YUCCEAE.* 
C£? 

BY   WILLIAM    TKELKASE. 

§  INTRODUCTION. 

H 

The  large  family  Liliaceae  has  been  subjected  to  very 
different  treatment  by  the  writers  who  at  various  times 
have  monographed  it  or  attempted  to  indicate  a  natural 

«•>  sequence  for  its  genera.  The  tribes  Aloineae  and  Yuccoi- 
deae,  respectively  African  and  American,  were  treated  to- 

-4    gether  by  Mr.  Baker  f  with  the  implied  recognition  of 

^  close  affinity,  the  principal  synoptic  differences  between 
them  consisting  in  the  succulent  leaves  and  gamophyllous 
perianth  of  the  former,  and  the  less  succulent  more  fibrous 
leaves  and  distinct  perianth  segments  of  the  latter,  in 
which  he  includes  Yucca,  Hesperaloe,  Herreria,  Beau- 
carnea,  and  Dasylirion.\ 

Bentham  and  Hooker  §  also  place  the  aloids  and  yuccoids 

^  close  together,  characterizing  the  tribe  Dracaeneae,  in 
which  the  latter  are  included,  by  its  mostly  distinct  perianth 

V  segments, U  and  including  in  it  Hesperocallis,  Hesperaloe, 
Yucca,  Nolina  (Beaucarnea),  and  Dasylirion,  of  the  New 


*  Presented  in  abstract,  with  lantern  illustrations,  before  the  Botan- 
ical Society  of  America,  at  its  New  York  meeting,  June  28,  1900,  and 
before  the  Academy  of  Science  of  St.  Louis,  Feb.  3,  1902. 

t  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:  148.  (1881). 

J  1.  c.  152. 

§  Genera  Plantarum.  3:  750,  777.  (1883). 

t  The  generic  descriptions  show  that  the  segments  are  connate  into 
a  tube  in  Hesperocallis ,  Dracaena,  Cordyline,  Milligania,  and  some  species 
of  Astelia,  and  barely  united  at  the  base  in  Yucca.  —  1.  c.  778. 

(27) 

271935 


28  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

World,  and  Dracaena,  Cordyline,  Astelia  and  Milligania, 
of  the  Old  World,  while  the  South  American  Hei°reria  is 
removed  to  another  tribe. 

Professor  Engler,*  who  treats  the  Aloineae  as  pertaining 
to  a  group  placed  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the 
Dracaeuoideae,  includes  in  the  latter  the  Old  World  Dra- 
caeneae,  of  the  genera  Cohnia,  Cordyline,  Astelia,  and 
Milligania,  with  perianth  segments  connate  at  base,  and 
the  New  World  groups  Nolineae,  of  the  genera  Nolina  and 
Dasylirion,  and  Yucceae,  of  Yucca  and  Hesperaloe,  with 
the  segments  distinct. f  Hesperocallis  is  very  properly 
removed  to  another  group. 

The  present  paper  deals  only  with  this  group  Yucceae  of 
Engler,  and  includes  the  principal  conclusions  reached  in 
an  intermittent  herbarium,  garden  and  field  study  extend- 
ing over  the  last  sixteen  years,  in  the  course  of  which  nearly 
all  of  the  spontaneous  species  have  been  examined  and 
photographed  in  their  native  homes  and  many  of  them  in- 
troduced or  reintroduced  into  cultivation  in  this  country 
and  Europe  from  definitely  located  sources. 

In  its  alliance,  the  group  Yucceae  is  characterized  by  the 
possession  of  similar  subequal  withering-persistent  petaloid 
perianth  segments,  a  3-celled  ovary  with  more  or  less  in- 
truded dorsal  false  septa,  many  ovules  2-ranked  in  each 
cell,  a  subterete  elongated  embryo  obliquely  placed  across 
the  seed,  and  germination  with  arched  cotyledon.} 


*  Natiirl.  Pflanzenfamilien.  II  Teil.  5  Abteil.  19,  70.  (1888). 

t  It  is  to  be  observed  that,  with  most  writers,  Engler  speaks  of  the 
segments  as  free  or  somewhat  united  at  base,  in  his  generic  description 
of  Yucca.  —  1.  c.  70. 

J  In  all  of  the  genera  of  this  group,  in  germination  the  cotyledon  as- 
sumes an  arched  form,  with  the  seed  remnant  on  or  in  the  soil  (from  which 
it  is  ultimately  raised  in  some  cases),  instead  of  directly  carrying  this 
up  on  its  end  as  it  commonly  does  in  Liliaceae.  —  See  The  Garden.  8  : 
300. /.  —  Gard.  Chron.  n.  s.  24:  216.  — Lubbock,  Contr.  Knowl.  of  Seed- 
lings. 2  :  578,  613.  —  Copeland,  Bot.  Gaz.  31  ;  419.  /.  3. 


THE  YUCCEAE.  29 


REVISION  OF  THE  YUCCEAE. 

The  genera  constituting  the  group  appear  to  admit  of 
most  natural  limitation  as  follows :  — 

Flowers  oblong  or  narrowly  campanulate,  scarcely  15  mm.  wide,  rosy- 
red  or  greenish:  filaments   shortly   adnate  to  the  petals  below, 
slender,  erect,  inflexed  at  apex;  anthers  oblong:  style  filiform, 
minutely  papillate  about  the  scarcely  enlarged  stigma.   Hesperaloe. 
Flowers  globose  or  broadly  campanulate,  spreading  to  a  width  of  50  to 
100  mm.,   white  or  creamy,  often  tinged  with  green,  bronze  or 
violet :  filaments  clavately  enlarged ;  anthers  shortly  sagittate. 
Style  filiform,  abrupt;  stigma  capitate,  long-papillate :  filaments  ad- 
nate to  the  petals  below,  erect.  Hesperoyucca. 
Style  stout  or  wanting,  gradually  if  at  all  narrowed;  stigma  openly 
perforate,  not  papillate,  more  or  less  deeply  6-notched :  fila- 
ments mostly  outcurved  at  apex. 
Perianth  polyphyllous,  or  the  segments  barely  connate  at  base, 

to  which  the  filaments  are  slightly  attached. 
Segments  of  perianth  thick,  mostly  inflexed:  style  wanting: 
nectar  glands  in  walls  of  ovary  small.         Clistoyucca. 
Segments  thin  and  petaloid,  spreading  at  night:  style  evi- 
dent :  nectar  glands  large  but  mostly  inactive.    Yucca. 
Perianth  gamophyllous  and  tubular  below,  the  stamens  inserted 
in  its  throat,  otherwise  as  in  Yucca.  Samuela. 

HESPERALOE  Engelmann. 

Perianth  oblong  or  narrowly  campanulate,  of  subequal 
closely  applied  distinct  oblong  succulent  segments  out- 
curved  at  tip.  Filaments  adnate  to  base  of  perianth, 
slender,  erect,  inflexed  at  apex;  anthers  oblong,  introrse. 
Ovary  ovoid,  shorter  than  the  long  slender  style ;  stigma 
not  enlarged,  minutely  papillate  and  perforate.  Fruit 
capsular,  globose-oblong,  rugose-veiny,  3-celled,  6- 
valved  at  least  above,  the  valves  with  short  solid  erect 
beak.  Seeds  thin,  flat:  albumen  not  ruminated. — 
Subacaulescent  plants  with  filiferous-margined  long  con- 
cave striate  scarcely  pungent  smooth  leaves,  and  loosely 
panicled  few-branched  inflorescence. 

SYNOPSIS   OF   SPECIES. 

Flowers  rosy-red  or  salmon-colored.  H.  parviflora. 

Flowers  green,  tinged  with  purple.  .  H.  funifera. 


30  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

H.  TARVIFLOKA  (Torrey)  Coulter,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl. 
Herb.  2:  436.  (1894.) 

H.  yuccaefolia  Engelmann,  Bot.  King.  497.  (1871).  Trans.  Acad.  St. 
Louis.  3  :  55.  —  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1871  : 1516.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
Bot.  18  : 231.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  14  : 250. 

Yucca  (?)  parviflora  Torrey,  Bot.  Bound.  221.  (1859). —  Baker,  Gard. 
Chron.  1870:923. 

Y.  paviflora  Hemsley,  Garden.  8  :  132. 

Aloe  yuccaefolia  Gray,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  7:390.  (1867).  Gard. 
Chron.  1870:1092. 

Usually  cespitosely  suckering.  Leaves  arcuately  spreading,  1  to  1.25 
m.  long,  something  over  25  mm.  wide,  striate-ridged  on  the  back.  In- 
florescence 1  to  1.25  m.  high,  the  few  branches  divaricate,  glabrous  and 
subglaucous.  Flowers  fascicled  above  the  bracts,  on  soft  articulated 
rosy  pedicels,  ephemeral,  rosy,  tubular,  mostly  about  35  mm.  long;  style 
long-exserted.  Capsule  something  over  25  mm.  long;  seeds  5X8 
mm.  —  Plate  l,f.  1. 

Southwestern  Texas;  between  the  Rio  Grande  and  the 
southern  part  of  Valverde  County,  Kinney  County,  and 
the  western  part  of  Zavalla  County.  — Plate  84,  f.  1. 

One  of  the  puzzling  plants  brought  in  by  the  naturalists 
of  the  United  States  and  Mexican  Boundary  Survey,  col- 
lected between  the  mouth  of  the  Pecos  and  the  Nueces,  was 
described  by  Dr.  Torrey  *  under  the  name  Yucca?  parvi flora, 
the  description  of  the  filifcrous  Yucca-like  leaves  and  of 
the  inflorescence  being  good,  but  that  of  the  flowers  and 
fruit  indifferent,  —  the  perianth  noted  as  "white?  ",  and 
the  unripe  fruit  as  "  doubtless  fleshy." 

In  his  enumeration  of  the  known  forms  of  Yucca  in  1870, 
Mr.  Baker,  referring  to  dried  specimens  in  the  Kew  herba- 
rium, as  well  as  to  the  original  description,  characterizes  the 
plant  in  much  the  same  way,  but  observes  that  the  flower  is 
more  like  that  of  an  Ornithogalum  of  the  Pyrenaicum 
group  than  that  of  its  neighbors  of  the  genus  Yucca. 
Mention  is  also  made  of  the  peculiarity  of  the  flowers  in  an 
article  on  Yucca  by  Mr.  Hemsley,  who,  evidently  through 
a  typographical  error,  calls  the  species  Y.  paviflora. 


*  Emory,  Kept.  U.  S.  &  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  2.  Botany  of  the  Boundary 
by  John  Torrey.  122.  —  Referred  to  in  this  paper  as  "  Bot.  Bound." 


THE    TUCCEAE.  31 

Before  these  articles  by  Baker  and  Hemsley  were  pub- 
lished, living  specimens  had  been  sent  to  Dr.  Gray,  and  an 
examination  of  flowers  which  these  bore  in  the  Harvard  Bo- 
tanical Garden  showed  the  generic  distinctness  of  the  plant 
from  Yucca,  and  so  strong  a  resemblance  to  the  true 
Aloes  of  Africa  that  Dr.  Gray  did  not  hesitate  to  transfer  it 
to  the  genus  Aloe,  under  the  new  and  descriptive  specific 
name  yuccaefolia.  The  redescription  shows  that  the  flow- 
ers are  pale  red  and  the  fruit  capsular. 

Recognizing  sufficient  differences  between  this  American 
Ywcca-leaved  and  Twcca-fruited  Aloe  and  the  African 
plants  properly  representative  of  that  genus,  Dr.  Engel- 
mann*  created  for  it  the  genus  Hesperaloe,  in  1871, 
noting  that  the  leaves,  pollen  and  seeds  are  those  of  Yucca, 
the  perigone  and  pistil  are  those  of  Aloe,  and  the  filaments, 
adnate  at  base  and  geniculate  upwards,  resemble  those  of 
Agave.  This  description  was  repeated  by  Mr.  Baker  the 
same  year,  the  specific  name  yuccaefolia,  introduced  by  Dr. 
Gray,  being  employed  in  both  instances. 

The  original  specific  name  proposed  by  Dr.  Torrey  was 
restored,  in  combination  with  the  generic  name  Hesperaloe, 
by  Professor  Coulter  in  his  account  of  the  botany  of  west- 
ern Texas,  in  1894. 

Notwithstanding  its  beauty  and  unusual  characters,  little 
is  known  of  this  plant  in  its  typical  form,  aside  from  the 
original  observations  of  Torrey,  Gray,  Baker  and  Engel- 
mann.  The  only  herbarium  specimens  that  I  know 
of  were  collected  by  Wright:  —  in  June,  1849,  be- 
tween the  Nueces  river  and  Elm  creek  and  on  the 
banks  of  the  latter ;  apparently  in  the  autumn  of  the  same 
year,  on  hills  of  Devil's  river;  and  May  15,  1851,  between 
the  Leona  and  Nueces. f 


*  King,  Eept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Explor.  Fortieth  Parallel.  5.  Botany,  by 
Sereno  Watson.  497.  — Referred  to  here  as  "Bot.  King." 

f  For  the  localities  represented  by  specimens  contained  in  the  Gray 
herbarium,  I  am  indebted  to  Miss  Mary  A.  Day. 


32  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

In  April,  1900,  while  passing  a  day  in  San  Antonio, 
Texas,  I  observed  a  lltsperaloe  planted  in  one  of  the  plazas 
of  that  city,  which  in  its  long  arching  concave  filiferous 
leaves,  oblong  Aloe-red  flowers  with  white  styles  pro- 
truding for  a  distance  equal  to  one-third  or  one-half  the 
length  of  the  perianth,  and  very  short  anthers,  agreed  with 
the  description  and  scanty  available  herbarium  material  of 
//.  yuccarfolia,  and  from  this  plant,  offsets  of  which  are  now 
growing  in  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  the  following 
notes  have  been  made. 

The  flowers  are  ephemeral,  and  their  original  appearance 
would  scarcely  be  guessed  from  the  withered  remains  after 
they  have  fallen,  or  from  such  herbarium  material  as  is 
usually  seen.  Though  the  buds  are  erect,  the  soft,  rosy 
articulated  pedicels  ultimately  arch  over,  so  that  the  ex- 
panded flowers  are  horizontal  or  more  frequently  pendent. 
In  texture  they  are  suggestive  of  Lapageria,  and  this  re- 
semblance, notwithstanding  their  smaller  size  and  some- 
what different  form,  is  increased  by  their  beautiful 
outward  shading  with  rose-color,  on  a  creamy  ground 
color  which  prevails  on  the  inner  surface.  The  firm 
succulent  distinct  but  closely  appressed  segments  of 
the  perianth  are  about  half  a  millimeter  thick  in  the 
middle  and  outwardly  recurved  near  the  end,  which,  as 
in  Yucca,  is  tipped  with  a  minute  tuft  of  white  hair- 
like  papillae.  The  inner  segments  are  8  or  9  mm. 
wide,  and  the  outer  segments  a  little  narrower.  The  white 
or  rosy  slightly  tapering  filaments  are  adnate  to  the  seg- 
ments for  a  short  distance  and  then  stand  erect,  with 
the  very  slender  apex  abruptly  incurved  so  as  to  make 
the  oblong  versatile  anthers  suberect  and  introrse,  close 
against  the  filaments,  with  their  abundant  bright  yellow 
powdery  pollen  exposed  toward  the  style.  The  conical- 
ovoid  greenish  ovary  is  very  slightly  6-grooved,  and  the 
white  style,  somewhat  tapering  and  triquetrous  near  the 
base,  soon  becomes  filiform  and  terete  except  for  three 


THE    YUCCEAE.  33 

faint  grooves  which  persist  to  the  very  inconspicuously 
3-lobed  perforate  somewhat  fimbriate  stigma.  The  ovary 
possesses  three  large  plane  septal  nectar  glands,  passing 
outward  at  top  into  conducting  grooves  which  open  at  the 
base  of  the  pistil,  and  the  abundant  secretion  of  which, 
when  not  removed,  drips  to  the  mouth  of  the  pendent 
flower  so  that  toward  the  end  of  the  day,  when  the  flower 
closes,  the  anthers,  style  and  perianth  are  gummed  together 
into  a  nearly  inseparable  mass.  The  ovules  resemble  in 
shape  and  arrangement  those  of  the  capsular  species  of 
Yucca,  and  the  erect  capsule  and  thin  flat  black  seeds  are 
equally  suggestive  of  this  section  of  Yucca. 

H.  parviflora  Engelmanni  (Krauskopf)  Trelease. 

H.  Engelmanni  Krauskopf,  Notice  to  Botanists,  etc.,  Aug.  1878  [cir- 
cular].—  Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  14  : 250.  (1879). — Baker, 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:231.  —  Coulter,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb. 
2 : 436. 

H.  yuccaefolia  Garden.  18  : 188.  20  :  71, 361.  21 : 324.  —  Gard.  Chron. 
n.  s.  18  :87,  109,  199. /.  34.  —  Andrt,  Rev.  Hort.  58 : 64.  —  Hooker, 
Bot.  Mag.  iii.  56.  pi.  7223. 

Flowers  oblong-campanulate,  about  25  mm.  long;  styles  scarcely  ex- 
-ceeding  the  perianth.  —Plates  l,f.  2.  2. 

Southwestern  Texas,  about  the  head  of  the  west  fork  of 
the  Nueces  river. 

In  1878,  Mr.  E.  Krauskopf,  of  Fredericksburg,  Texas, 
issued  an  advertising  circular  mentioning  H.  yuccaefolia 
and  offering  for  sale  plants  of  a  Hesperaloe  which  he 
had  brought  from  the  western  dry  branch  of  the  Nueces 
river  and  for  which  he  proposed  the  name  H.  Engelmanni. 
The  flowers  are  described  as  bell-shaped,  red,  with  short 
thick  style  and  anthers  as  much  as  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
long,  whereas  in  H.  yuccaefolia  the  latter  are  said  to  be 
several  times  shorter  than  the  filiform  style.  Specimens  of 
this  supposed  second  species  were  sent  to  Dr.  Engelmann, 
through  Lindheimer,  and  are  noted  in  his  herbarium  as 
having  been  collected  by  Meusebach,  though  they  are  evi- 
dently of  the  collection  referred  to  by  Krauskopf. 


34  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

Some  time  after  this,  John  Saul,  of  Washington,  sent 
flowers  of  Hesperaloe,  from  the  Nueces  river,  to  the  editor 
of  The  Garden,  under  the  name  of  H.  yuccaefolia*  and 
at  about  this  time  the  genus  seems  to  have  gone  into  one 
or  more  English  gardens,  probably  from  this  source. f 
The  same  form  apparently  was  again  introduced  into  En- 
gland in  1888, %  but  I  have  not  learned  from  what  source. 

Dr.  Watson,  in  his  revision  of  the  North  American 
Liliaceae,  shortly  after  the  discovery  of  H.  Enrjelmanni, 
mentions  this  proposed  species  as  from  the  same  region  as 
//.  yuccaefolia,  but  imperfectly  known,  though  perhaps 
to  be  distinguished  by  the  more  slender  and  flexuous 
branches  of  its  inflorescence,  smaller  bracts,  twice  longer 
anthers,  and  stouter  included  style  scarcely  longer  than 
the  ovary.  A  similar  equivocal  mention  was  made  in 
1880  by  Mr.  Baker,  of  H.  Engelmanni,  which  is  ignored 
by  Professor  Engler,§  but  distinctly  recognized  by  Pro- 
fessor Coulter  in  his  Botany  of  western  Texas,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  earlier  species. 

So  far  as  the  evidence  goes,  all  of  the  Hesperaloe  culti- 
vated in  Europe,  and  to  which  reference  has  been  made 
above,  belongs  to  this  second  form,  and  may  perhaps  have 
been  derived  from  Krauskopf 's  original  collection. 

In  May,  1900,  a  plant  procured  some  three  years  before 
fromMr.P.J.Berckmans,1f  and  itself  possibly  derivedfrom 
Krauskopf,  originally,  came  into  bloom  at  the  Missouri 


*  Garden.  18:  188.  From  the  phraseology  of  a  quotation  from  Mr. 
Saul,  it  may  be  inferred,  perhaps,  that  the  plant  bearing  these  flowers 
was  derived  originally  from  Krauskopf. 

t  See  The  Garden.  20:  71,  361.  21:  324,  where  a  plant  is  said  to 
hare  been  in  continuous  bloom  from  July  1881  until  May  1882,  with 
promise  of  continuing  to  flower  for  another  month  or  two.  —  Gard.  Chroa. 
n.  s.  18 :  87;  109,  199.  /.  34. 

I  Curtis's  Bot.  Mag.  iii.  56.  pi.  7223. 

§  Engler  &  Prantl.  1.  c.  71. 

1  See  Berckmans,  Gard.  Monthly.  1883:  323.— Wiener  111.  Gart.- 
Zeit.  11 :  268. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  35 

Botanical  Garden,  and  continued  to  flower  until  well  into 
the  fall.  The  first  flowers  which  opened,  though  shorter 
than  those  of  the  San  Antonio  plant  referred  to  H.  parvi- 
flora,  and  consequently  broader  relatively  to  their  length, 
possessed  the  conspicuously  exserted  white  style  and  short 
anthers  (scarcely  over  2  mm.  long)  of  that  species.  After 
the  first  few  flowers,  those  which  opened  were  relatively 
much  broader,  because  of  a  considerable  actual  shortening, 
so  that  the  expression  bell-shaped,  which  has  been  used  for 
H.  Engelmanni,  might  be  applied  to  them,  and  the  style 
was  not  exserted,  merely  reaching  to  the  mouth  of  the 
perianth,  and,  in  fact,  was  slightly  shorter  than  the 
stamens.  Except  for  having  their  anthers  a  very  little 
shorter,  these  flowers  are  the  counterpart  of  a  well-pre- 
served specimen  of  the  original  of  H.  Engelmanni  sent  to 
Dr.  Engelmannby  Lindheimerin  1878,  though  the  included 
style  of  the  latter  is  a  little  longer  than  the  stamens.  Still 
later  flowers  of  the  same  plant,  while  preserving  the  short 
broad  form,  again  had  the  style  a  little  exserted  (Plate  2). 

As  in  typical  H.  parviflora,  the  leaves,  which  are  deeply 
concave  and  with  free  marginal  fibers,  differ  in  width,  as 
indeed,  is  usual  in  the  genus  Yucca,  and  the  inflorescence, 
which  in  vigorous  plants  has  a  few  spreading  branches, 
may  sometimes  be  simple,  in  either  case  the  fascicled 
flowers  continuing  to  develop  in  succession  for  many 
months,  and  varying  from  deep  rosy-red,  when  well  lighted, 
to  a  salmon-color,  when  shaded  from  strong  light. 

For  the  present,  this  short-flowered  plant,  with  the  style 
included  or  very  slightly  exserted,  and  which  seems  to  come 
from  a  point  a  little  north  of  but  very  close  to  the  known 
range  of  H.  parvijlora,  appears  to  be  varietally  separable 
from  the  latter  in  these  characters,  and  should  bear  the 
name  Engelmanni  given  to  it  as  a  specific  name  by  Kraus- 
kopf. 


36  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

H.  funifera  (Koch)  Trelease. 

H.  Davyi  Baker,  Kew  Bull.  1898  :  226. 

//.  Engelmanni  Baillou,  Hist,  des  PI.  12  :  511.  —  Urbina,  Cat.  PI.  Hex. 
352. 

Yucca  funifera  Koch,  Belg.  Hort.  12:132.  (1862).  —  Lemaire,  111. 
Hort.  13:99.  (1866).  —  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:228. 

Agave  funifera  Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  11  :  Misc.  65.  [66a].  (1864). 

Often  cespitose.  Leaves  larger,  at  length  less  concave,  often  with 
much  coarser  marginal  fibers.  Inflorescence  2  to  2.5  m.  high,  few 
branched  near  the  top.  Pedicels  and  flowers  purplish  green,  glaucous, 
the  latter  about  25  mm.  long;  style  scarcely  exserted.  Capsule  25  to  50 
mm.  long,  with  strong  beak,  the  false  septum  evanescent  or  protruding 
into  the  cell  only  toward  the  base,  where  it  forms  a  large  thin  tooth ;  seeds 
6X9  mm.  — Plates  3.  4,f.  1.  81,  f.  8. 

Northern  Mexico,  between  the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Sabinas, 
and,  apparently,  in  the  state  of  San  Luis  Potosi  (Pringle, 
3911).—  Plate  92,  f.  1. 

The  Engelmann  herbarium  contains  a  fruiting  fragment, 
at  first  referred  to  Yucca  but  afterward  to  ffesperaloe,  col- 
lected in  1847  by  Dr.  Wislizenus  at  Cerralvo,  northeast  of 
Monterey.  Similar  capsules  were  brought  by  Dr.  Parry,  in 
1878,  from  «« the  plains  between  Monterey  and  the  Rio 
Grande."  The  herbarium  of  the  Field  Columbian  Museum 
contains  excellent  specimens  of  the  same  plant  from  Buste- 
mente,  in  the  State  of  Nuevo  Leon,  collected  by  Henry  W. 
Wood  in  July,  1900.  In  1891,  Mr.  Pringle  made  good 
leaf  and  fruit  specimens,  representing  the  same  genus,  at 
the  Hacienda  de  Angostura,  east  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  which 
were  distributed  as  IT.  Engelmanni,  under  the  number 
3911,  and  so  referred  to  by  Bail! on. 

In  March,  1900,  when  going  over  the  Mexican  Interna- 
tional railroad,  north  of  the  Sabinas  river,  I  observed  a 
considerable  quantity  of  what  was  evidently  a  Hesperaloe, 
with  persisting  capsules  of  the  preceding  year,  which  came 
down  to  the  railroad  only  on  the  higher  ridges  through 
which  cuts  had  been  made.  Toward  the  end  of  April, 
when  the  plants  had  begun  to  bloom,  I  visited  this  region 
again,  and  some  six  kilometers  south  of  Peyotes  collected 


THE    YDCCEAE.  37 

herbarium  specimens  and  viable  seeds  of  the  plant.  This 
Hesperaloe  appears  to  be  the  same  as  the  herbarium  material 
referred  to,  though  neither  foliage  nor  flowers  accompany 
the  capsules  first  collected,  and  the  few  flowers  distrib- 
uted by  Mr.  Pringle  from  further  south  are  not  in  very 
satisfactory  condition  while  the  marginal  threads,  which 
are  slender  in  the  many  plants  seen  by  me,  are  very  thick, 
triquetrous,  wavy  and  rigid  on  his  leaves. 

This  species,  the  at  first  very  concave  leaves  of  which 
may  be  as  much  as  40  mm.  wide  and  nearly  2  m.  long, 
finely  striate-grooved  on  the  back  and  with  long  con- 
spicuous marginal  fibers,  as  in  the  other  representatives 
of  the  genus,  produces  a  divaricately  few-branched,  tall 
panicle,  on  which,  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts,  are 
borne  the  oblong  ephemeral  flowers.  Unlike  those  of 
H.  parvi  flora  and  its  variety  Engelmanni,  both  of  which  have 
pedicels  and  flowers  ranging  from  a  creamy  tint  through 
salmon-color  to  typically  a  beautiful  shade  of  red  sugges- 
tive of  Aloe  and  Gasteria,  the  flowers  and  short  pedicels  of 
this  species  are  noted  by  Mr.  Pringle  as  being  "  purplish, 
shading  to  whitish,"  and  in  the  plants  observed  about  Pe- 
yotes  were  of  a  dingy  purplish  green  and  decidedly  glau- 
cous, the  spreading  flowers  being  about  25  mm.  long,  with 
stamens  and  style  included  and  of  about  equal  length, 
and  the  anthers  5  to  7  mm.  long.  The  globose  to  broadly 
oblong  solid-beaked  capsules  are  strongly  transversely 
reticulate-  veined,  and  the  thin  black  seeds  are  like  those  of 
the  other  species. 

In  1898  Mr.  Baker  described,  under  the  specific  name 
Davyiy  a  green-flowered  Hesperaloe  from  "  California?  " 
which  had  been  sent  him  by  Mr.  J.  Burt  Davy  from  the 
garden  of  the  University  of  California  at  Berkeley.  Mr. 
Davy  tells  me  that  no  record  is  found  of  the  source  of  the 
seeds  from  which  this  was  grown.  Dr.  F.  Franceschi,  of 
Santa  Barbara,  California,  states  that  two  original  plants 
were  raised,  one  of  which  flowered  in  1898,  yielding  the 


ti 


38  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

material  on  which  Mr.  Baker's  description  was  based,  while 
the  other  was  secured  by  Dr.  Franceschi,  who  has  since 
sent  vigorous  suckers  from  it  to  Kew  and  to  the  Missouri 
Botanical  Garden,  these  suckers  having  formed  after  the 
plant  bloomed.  It  is  not  improbable  that  the  seeds  from 
which  these  plants  were  raised  were  derived  from  Mr.  Pr in- 
gle's collection  of  1891,  and  the  living  plant  which  I  have 
examined  shows,  as  would  hardly  have  been  expected  from 
Mr.  Baker's  description,  leaves  at  first  as  concave  as  those 
of  the  other  species  of  Hesperaloe,  and  quite  indistinguish- 
able from  those  of  the  plants  seen  below  Peyotes,  so  that 
it  seems  safe  to  refer  all  of  these  specimens  of  the  Mexican 
table  land  to  //.  Davyi,  which  appears  therefore  to  be 
rather  widely  distributed  and  which  differs  markedly  from 
the  Texan  forms  in  the  color  of  its  flowers. 

Many  years  ago  the  Tonels  introduced  into  European 
gardens  a  plant  which  seems  never  to  have  flowered  there, 
and  which  was  mentioned  a  number  of  times  under  the  gar- 
den name  Yucca  funif era.  No  Yucca  is  yet  known  which 
possesses  channeled  filif erous  dorsally  striate  leaves  com- 
parable to  those  of  Y.  funif  era  as  described,  and  though  its 
apparent  complete  disappearance  from  cultivation  makes  its 
identity  a  matter  of  conjecture  only,  the  foliage  description 
so  well  fits  this  Mexican  species  of  Hesperaloe  as  to  leave 
little  doubt  in  my  mind  that  the  latter  should  bear  the  name 
H.  funif  era . 

HESPERO YUCCA  (Engelmann)  Baker. 

Perianth  broadly  campanulate,  of  subequal  distinct  thin 
broadly  lanceolate  concave  segments.  Filaments  evidently 
adnate  to  perianth  below,  clavate,  suberect;  anthers  didy- 
mously  cordate.  Ovary  oblong-ovoid  or  obovoid,  mostly 
longer  than  the  short  slender  style;  stigma  capitate,  long- 
papillate,  minutely  perforate.  Fruit  capsular,  incompletely 
6-celled,  3-valved  through  the  laciniate  false  septa.  Seeds 


THE   YTJCCEAE.  39 

thin,  flat ;  albumen  not  ruminated.  —  Subacaulescent 
plants  with  straight  needle-pointed  rough-margined  flat 
leaves,  and  ample  panicle. 

H.  WHIPPLEI  (Torrey)  Baker,  Kew  Bull.  1892:  8.  —  Tre- 
lease,  Eept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  208.  pi.  16,  23. 

Yucca  Whipplei  Torrey,  Bot.  Bound.  222.  (1859).  — Baker,  Gard. 
Chron.  1870:828.  1871 1  1516.  n.  s.  6:  196.  /.  42.  n.  s.  23:  796. 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18 :  230.  —  Palmer,  Amer.  Joum.  Pharm.  50 : 
687.  —  Garden.  27  :  266.  35 :  561.  /.  —  Engelmann,  Bot.  King.  497. 
Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3:54,  214,  372. — Watson,  Proc.  Amer. 
Acad.  14  :  254.  Bot.  Calif.  2 :  164.  —  AndrS,  Rev.  Hort.  58 :  67. 
/.  13,  —  Smith,  Gard.  Chron.  iii.  13  :  749.  —  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S. 
Natl.  Herb.  4:  203.  —  Merriam,  N.  Amer.  Fauna.  7:359.  — Tre- 
lease,  Eept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  164.  pi.  11,12,  54.  —  Gard.  &  For. 
8  :  414-5.  /.  —  Hooker,  Bot.  Mag.  iii.  65.  pi.  7662.  —  Land  of  Sun- 
shine. 11 :  251.  /.  —  Orcutt,  West  Amer.  Scientist.  6  :  134. 

Y.  Whipplei  glauca  Wiener  111.  Gart.-Zeit.  14  :  197. 

Y.  Whipplei  graminifolia  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18 :  230. 

Y.  aloifolla  Torrey,  Pac.  R.  R.  Rept.  4 :  147. 

Y.  fllamentosa  Home  and  Flowers.  II2  :  12.  /. 

Y.  graminifolia  Wood,  Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  1868  :  167. 

Y.  Ortgiesiana  Roezl,  Belg.  Hort.  1880  :  61. 

Y.  Engelmanni  Gard.  Chron.  n.  s.  14 :  43.  (1880). 

?  Y.  Californica  Greenland,  Rev.  Hort.  1858 :  434.  —  Lemaire,  111. 
Hort.  10 :  after  pi.  372.  (1863).  13 ;  96.  —  Gard.  Chron.  n.  s. 
5  : 794,  829. 

Simple  or,  in  the  mountains,  frequently  cespitose.  Leaves  ascending, 
rigid,  .3  to  1  m.  long,  about  15  mm.  wide,  plano-convex,  subtriquetrous, 
or  keeled  on  both  faces,  sometimes  falcate,  striate,  glaucous,  keenly  but 
finely  denticulate,  with  very  slender  pungent  end  spine.  Inflorescence  2 
to  5  m.  high,  oblong,  long  peduncled,  glabrous.  Flowers  Yucca-like, 
pendent,  fragrant.  Capsule  about  5  cm.  long:  seeds  6  to  7X8  mm. — 
Plates  4,  f.  2.  5.  81,  f.  9. 

California,  from  the  mountains  above  Monterey  to  the 
vicinity  of  Alamo,  lower  California;  eastward  to  the  vicin- 
ity of  San  Bernardino  —  Plate  84,  f.  1. 

Yucca  WJiipplei  is  the  name  proposed  by  Dr.  Torrey, 
and  still  commonly  employed,  for  a  plant  which,  when  in 
bloom,  forms  one  of  the  most  striking  and  beautiful  fea- 
tures of  the  Coast-range  vegetation  of  southern  California. 


40  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

From  all  other  Yuccas  it  differs  in  the  slender  style  rising- 
abruptly  from  the  top  of  the  ovary  and  capitately  enlarged 
into  a  papillate  stigma,  and  in  possessing  somewhat  gluti- 
nous pollen,  as  well  as  in  certain  capsular  characters,  which 
led  Dr.  Engelmann  *  to  give  it  the  sectional  name  Hespero- 
yucca,  which  both  Mr.  Baker  and  the  writer  have  proposed 
to  employ  as  a  generic  name. 

Though  the  mountain  and  valley  forms  vary  greatly  in 
amplitudeof  panicle,  etc.,  only  one  species  of  Hesperoyucca 
appears  capable  of  characterization,  and  this  has  long  been 
in  cultivation  in  European  gardens,  partly  under  the  name 
Yucca  Whipplei  and  partly  under  the  name  Y.  Calif  arnica* 
which  has  further  been  applied  to  very  diverse  things. 
If  it  were  certain  that  the  brief  foliage  description  given  by 
Greenland  in  1858  really  refers  to  this  plant,  the  specific 
name  Californica  has  a  slight  priority  over  the  name 
Whipplei,  which  though  written  in  1858  was  not  published 
until  the  following  year,  but  the  propriety  of  this  substitu- 
tion of  name  is  open  to  considerable  question. 

Y.  graminifolia  f  Wood,  from  the  vicinity  of  Los  Angeles, 
though  the  leaves  are  described  as  more  flaccid,  can  hardly 
refer  to  other  than  the  typical  form,  which  to  the  north  of 
Los  Angeles  becomes  very  large,  and  the  name  is  not  there- 
fore applicable  to  the  plant  that  is  abundant  about  San 
Bernardino,  e.  g.  at  Arrowhead  Springs  and  in  the  Cajon 
pass,  as  I  at  one  time  thought  might  be  the  case.  J  This 
latter  plant  very  frequently  has  the  flowers  shaded  with 
purple  or  violet,  and  it  was  to  one  of  the  most  pronounced  of 
these  tinted  forms  that  M.  Andre  in  1884  applied  the  name 
Y.  Whipplei  violacea,§  though  the  name  stands  for  too 
inconstant  a  character  to  have  more  than  horticultural 
value. 

*  Bot.  King.  497.  (1871). 

t  This  name  had  been  applied,  in  1837,  to  the  plant  subsequently 
named  Dasylirion  graminifolium. 

J  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  2U.pl.  17,  23. 
§  Rev.  Hort.  56  :  324.  pi. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  41 

No  other  species  of  this  type  could  have  been  collected 
about  San  Diego,  where  H.  Whipplei  occurs  in  abundance, 
by  Roezl,  who  in  1869  reintroduced  it  into  European  gardens 
through  De  Smet,  under  the  name  Y.  Ortgiesiana,  so  that 
there  appears  no  doubt  as  to  the  proper  reference  of  this 
synonym. 

On  April  3d,  1858,  Professor  Newberry  collected  leaves 
of  a  plant  « « growing  in  tufts  on  rocks  ' '  at  the  mouth  of 
Diamond  river,  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  grand  canon  of  the 
Colorado,  in  northern  Arizona,  which  neither  Professor 
Torrey*  nor  Dr.  Engelinann  could  distinguish  from  those  of 
this  species  as  collected  by  Bigelow  at  the  Cajon  pass  in 
California.  The  single  leaf  of  Newberry's  collection  in  the 
Engelmann  herbarium  is  glaucous,  falcate,  elongated  and 
scarcely  to  be  referred  elsewhere,  —  but  the  locality  is  so 
far  from  the  known  range  of  this  species  on  the  other  side 
of  the  desert  as  to  warrant  doubt  as  to  the  correctness  of 
the  record,  and  I  know  of  no  confirmation  of  this  isolated 
locality. 

CLISTOYUCCA  (Engelmann)  Trelease. 

Perianth  oblong  to  globose,  of  nearly  distinct  thick  ob- 
long or  lanceolate  segments  often  incurved  at  end.  Fila- 
ments nearly  free,  thickened,  mostly  outcurved  above; 
anthers  sagittate,  horizontal.  Ovary  ovoid,  tapering  to  the 
transiently  stellate  6-lobed  openly  perforate  stigma.  Fruit 
dry,  spongy  about  a  papery  core,  6-celled,  indehiscent. 
Seeds  rather  thin,  flat,  nearly  round ;  albumen  not  rumi- 
nated. —  Large  tree,  with  short  thick  and  pungent  rough- 
margined  leaves  and  compact  sessile  panicle  from  an  ovoid 
large-bracted  bud. 

C.  arborescens  (Torrey)  Trelease. 

Yucca  Draconis  (?)  arborescens  Torrey,  Bot.  Whipple.  147.  (1857). 
F.  brevifolia  Engelmann,  Bot.   King.  496.  (1871).  Trans.   Acad.   St. 
Louis.  3 :  47,  213,  371.  —  Palmer,  Amer.  Journ.  Pharm.  50  :  587.  — 

*  Ives,  Kept,  upon  the  Colorado  river  of  the  West.   Part  IV.  Botany. 


42  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

Parry,  Amer.  Nat.  9:  141. —  Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  14:  252. 
Bot.  Calif.  2:  164. —Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:  221.— 
Gard.  Chron.  n.  s.  3 :  492.  n.  s.  26:  18.  iii.  1:  772. /.  145.— 
Land  of  Sunshine.  10:  1.  —  Trelease,  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4  :  193. 
pi.  6-9,  21.  —  Schiraper,  Pflanzengeographie.  669.  /.  369. 
Y.  arborescens  Trelease,  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  163.  pi.  5,  49. 
(1892).  — Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb.  4:  201.  frontispiece.  — 
Merriam,  N.  Amer.  Fauna.  7:  353-8.  frontispiece  and  pi.  13. — 
Sargent,  Silva.  10:  19-  pi-  502. 

Large  at  length  much  branched  rough-barked  tree.  Leaves  spread- 
ing, less  than  .3  m.  long,  15  mm.  wide,  plano-convex  or  triquetrous, 
striate,  minutely  denticulate,  very  rigid,  pungently  pointed.  Inflorescence 
sessile,  dense,  often  scabrous-hispid.  Flowers  sometimes  puberulent, 
greenish-white,  25  to  50  mm.  in  diameter.  Fruit  ovoid,  erect  or  var- 
iously directed,  50  to  100mm.  long;  seeds  10X12  mm.  across,  1  to  1.5 
mm.  thick.  —  Plates  6.  7.  85,  f.  10.  87,  f.  1. 

Mohave  desert,  California,  to  Detrital  valley,  Arizona, 
and  the  Beaverdam  mountains,  Utah.  — Plate  84,  f.  2. 

The  Joshua  tree  of  the  Mohave  desert  region,  the  largest 
and  most  imposing  of  the  Yucceae  of  the  United  States, 
which  was  first  called  Yucca  Draconis  (?)  arborescens  by 
Torrey,  subsequently  Y.  brevi folia  by  Engelmann,  and 
which  is  now  commonly  known  as  Y.  arborescens,  differs  in 
its  collective  flower  and  fruit  character  about  as  much  from 
typical  Yuccas  as  does  Hesperoyucca.  In  separating  it  from 
Yucca,  I  have  thought  best  to  apply  to  it  as  a  generic  name 
the  sectional  name  Clistoyucca  under  which  Dr.  Engel- 
mann* separates  it  from  the  other  species  of  Yucca,  since 
there  can  be  no  question  as  to  the  applicability  of  that 
name  to  this  particular  tree,  though  Dr.  Engelmann  f  sub- 
sequently found  it  desirable  to  add  Y.  gloriosa  to  this  sec- 
tion, to  which  the  writer  J  afterwards  added  Y.  gigantea. 
Only  the  one  species  is  known. 

YUCCA  Linnaeus. 

Perianth  open-campanulate,  of  nearly  distinct  thin  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate  segments.  Filaments  nearly  free, 

*  Bot.  King.  496.  Trans.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis.  3 : 47. 
t  Trans.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis.  3:213. 
J  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  9 : 142. 


THE   YTJCCEAE.  43 

thickened  and  outcurved  above ;  anthers  short,  sagittate, 
soon  horizontal.  Ovary  oblong,  mostly  longer  than  the  stout 
oblong  or  swollen  style ;  stigma  unequally  6-lobed,  openly 
perforate.  Fruit  nearly  or  quite  6-celled:  erect,  capsular, 
6-valved  above,  and  with  thin  seeds  with  the  albumen  not 
ruminated  (§  Chaenoyucca) ;  variously  pendent  or  erect, 
soon  drying  about  a  papery  core,  indehiscent,  with  thin 
seeds  without  rumination  (§  Heteroyucca}  ;  or  pendent,  bac- 
cate mostly  about  a  papery  core,  indehiscent,  with  very  thick 
seeds  having  the  albumen  ruminated  ( §  Sarcoyucca ) .  — 
Acaulescent  or  arboreous  plants  occasionally  of  large  size, 
with  flaccid  and  pointless  or  usually  rigid  and  very  pungent 
entire,  minutely  denticulate,  orfiliferous  leaves,  and  mostly 
ample  panicle. 

The  true  Yuccas,  which  (including  Clistoyucca ) ,  in  con- 
trast with  his  section  ffesperoyucca,  Dr.  Engelmann*  treated 
under  the  sectional  name  Euyucca,  have  for  many  years 
been  in  cultivation  in  considerable  numbers,  and  hence 
under  the  eyes  of  both  gardeners  and  botanists,  but  no  ad- 
ditions have  been  made  to  the  number  of  known  spontane- 
ous species  within  recent  years  f  except  by  the  separation 
or  rehabilitation  of  what  had  passed  for  varieties,  forms  or 
synonyms  of  described  species,  though  some  twenty  years 
ago  a  number  of  hybrids,  referred  to  below  under  Y. 
gloriosa,  were  introduced  into  cultivation,  and  it  is  certain 
that  within  the  next  few  years  our  gardens  will  be  still 
further  enriched  by  many  artificial  hybrids  between  the 
known  species. 

This  genus  is  not  only  larger  than  any  of  the  others  of 
the  group  Yucceae,  but  has  a  much  greater  geographical  dis- 
tribution, extending  southwards  from  the  great  bend  of  the 
Missouri  river  to  the  table  land  north  of  the  City  of  Mex- 


*  Hot.  King.  496.  (1871).       Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3 :  34. 

t  T.  Pringlei  Greenman,  distributed  from  Mt.  Ajusco,  Mexico,  in  1897 
(Pringle,  No.  6669),  was  subsequently  shown  by  Mr.  Greeuman  to  be 
Furcraea  Bedinghausii.—Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  83  :  474.  (1898). 


44  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

ico,  and,  after  a  break  of  unknown  extent,  into  the  center 
of  Central  America,  and  eastwards  to  the  Atlantic  coast  and 
the  Bermudas  and  eastern  Antilles.  The  capsular  species 
are  the  prevalent  northern  form,  and  reach  from  South 
Dakota  to  the  Mexican  state  of  Durango,  and  from  the 
Atlantic  coast  to  Nevada,  with  the  exception  of  the  Great 
Lake  region  and  the  upper  Mississippi  river  and  its  tribu- 
taries from  the  east.  The  baccate  species  with  papery  core 
are  of  the  southern  Rocky  Mountain  and  western  region, 
reaching  the  Pacific  coast  in  the  southern  part  of  California 
and  at  the  extremity  of  Lower  California,  and  are  the  preva- 
lent form  of  the  high  table  land  of  Mexico.  A  single  spe- 
cies with  coreless  fleshy  fruit  appears  to  be  restricted  to  the 
southern  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States,  a  small  part 
of  the  Gulf  coast,  and  some  of  the  islands  to  the  east, 
though  it  has  given  rise  to  a  marked  variety  in  the  isolated 
peninsula  of  Yucatan ;  and  a  single  species  with  the  foliage 
of  this  outlying  species  but  forming  a  core  in  the  fruit 
occurs  in  Central  America,  where,  though  abundantly  culti- 
vated, its  distribution  is  unknown.  Several  species  and 
many  varieties  are  known  only  in  gardens,  and  two  species 
with  very  aberrant  fruit  are  of  local  distribution  on  the 
southeastern  seacoast  of  the  United  States. — Plate  99. 

KEY   TO   8PKCIB8. 

Fruit  erect,  capsular,   dehiscent.     Seeds  thin,  flat,  margined:  albumen 
not  ruminated.  §  CHAKNOYTJCCA. 

Leaves  finely  filiferous  (entire  in  forms  of  the  second). 
Style  oblong,  white. 

Inflorescence  a    long-peduncled  panicle    (subracemose   in 
some  garden  forms  of  Y.  flaccida). 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  often  plicate,  at  most 
very  narrowly  lined  with  gray  or  brown  next  the  mar- 
ginal threads. 

Leaves  rigid  for  the  group,  rather  coarsely  curly- 
flliferous,  subspatulate.  Segments  of  young  fruit 
regularly  convex.  y.  filamentosa. 

Leaves  more  flexible  and  attenuate,  with  finer 
etraighter  threads.  Segments  of  young  fruit 
with  angular  facets.  y.  flaccida. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  45 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  white-margined. 

Leaves  grass-like.  —  Eastern  Texas.      Y.  tenuistyla. 
Leaves  more  rigid  and  spreading.  —  Western. 

Low.     Seeds  small.  Y.  constricta. 

Arborescent.     Seeds  very  large.          Y.  radiosa. 
Inflorescence  racemose  or  branched   close    to  the  leaves. 
Not  arborescent. 

Leaves  as  in  the  last.  Y.  angustissima. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  often  short.  Y.  Sarrimaniae. 

Style  swollen,  green. 

Inflorescence  racemose  or  branched  close  to  the  leaves. 
Leaves  linear,  rather  stiff.     Seeds  large.          Y.  glauca. 
Leaves  grass-like,  flexible.  Y.  Arkansana. 

Inflorescence  panicled  on  a  long  scape.    Leaves  as  in  the 
last  or  wider.  Y.  Louisianensis. 

Leaves  with  a  distinct  thin  yellow  or  brown  horny  finely  denticulate 
border. 
Capsule  mucronate,  with  flat-backed  valves. 

Arborescent.    Leaves  linear  to  lanceolate.  Y.  rigida. 

Acaulescent.    Leaves  lanceolate.  Y.  rupicola. 

Capsule  attenuate-beaked,  with  round-backed  valves. 

Arborescent.    Leaves  linear.  Y.  rostrata. 

Fruit  (so  far  as  known)  indehiscent. 

Fruit  erect  or  pendent,  soon  drying.     Seeds  thin,  flat,  slightly  mar- 
gined :  albumen  not  ruminated.  §  HBTKROYUCCA. 
Leaves  finely  denticulate,  softly  green-pointed.  Y.  gigantea. 
Leaves    at  most  sparingly  denticulate  or   filiferous,  pungent. 
Leaves  broad,  rigidly  ascending  or  spreading.    Fruit  mostly 
pendent.  Y.  gloriosa. 
Leaves  more  elongated,  recurved.    Fruit  erect  so  far  as 
known. 

Inflorescence  close  to  the  leaves,  the  latter  relatively 

broad.  Y.  recurvifolia. 

Panicle    long-stalked.     Leaves  narrower.     Y.   flexilis. 

Leaves  crowded,  regularly  arcuate.  Y.  DeSmetiana, 

Fruit  pendent,  fleshy  and  edible.     Seeds  thick,  often  convex,  nearly 

or  quite  marginless :  albumen  ruminated.  §  SARCOYTTCCA. 

Fruit  coreless,  with  purple  pulp.    Ovary  stalked.    Leaves  with 

sharply  denticulate  horny  border.  Y.  aloifolia. 

Fruit  with  a  papery  core  and  greenish  or  yellowish-white  pulp. 

Ovary  sessile. 

Leaves    very  minutely  denticulate,  not    filiferous,  flat  or 
plicate.  T.  elephantipes. 

Leaves  soon  more  or  less  flliferous,  concave. 

Margin  at  first  slightly  denticulate.    Leaves  thick  and 
firm,  scabrid  Y.  Treculeana. 

Not  denticulate. 


4(5  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

Thin,  flexible:  threads  sparing,  fine.        Y.  Schottii. 
Thick,  rigid,  with  usually  coarse  threads.     Leaves 
narrow,  smooth.     Small  tree.         Y.  brevifolia. 
Leaves  relatively  broader,  usually  smooth. 
Large  trees. 

Panicle  narrow,  pendent.  Y.  australis. 

Panicle  broad,  erect,  to  recurved  Y.  valida. 
Leaves  large,  very  coarsely  filiferous,  the  back 
very  scabrous  except  in  the  last. 

Acaulescent.     Flowers  very  large   for  the 

genus:  style  elongated.  1".  baccata. 

Arborescent.   Flowerg  of  average  size. 

Style  elongated.  Y.  macrocarpa. 

Style  short.  Y.  Mohavensis. 

SYNOPSIS  OF    SPECIES. 

A.  Fruit  erect,  capsular,  dehiscent.     Seeds  thin,  flat,  margined:  albu- 
men not  ruminated.  —  §  Chaenoyucca. 

1.  Leaves  finely  flliferous  at  the  margin  (entire  in  aberrant  garden 
forms  of  the  second). 

2.  Style  oblong,  white, 

3.  Inflorescence  a    long-peduncled  panicle  (reduced  to  a  simple   ra- 
ceme in  aberrant  forms  or  secondary  inflorescences  of  the  second). 

4.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  often  plicate,  not  conspicuously 
white-margined. 

Y.  FILAMENTOSA  Linnaeus,  Sp.  PL  319.  (1753). — 
Walter,  Fl.  Carol.  124.  —  Michaux,  Fl.  1:196.— 
Pursh,  Fl.  1  :  227.  —  Gawler,  Bot.  Mag.  23.  pL 
900. —  Redout^,  Liliacees.  5.  pi.  277-8. — Haworth, 
Syn.  PI.  Succ.  70. — Gambold,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci. 
1819  :  251.  —  Mordaunt,  Herb.  Gen.  4.  pi.  258.  — 
Elliott,  Bot.  S.  C.  and  Ga.  1 :  400.  —  Frost,  Plants 
Abbeville  Distr.  317.  —  Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13  :  98.  — 
Porcher,  Resources  So.  Fields  and  For.  530.  — 
Curtis,  Bot.  N.  C.  56. — Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad. 
St.  Louis.  3  :  52,  214.  — Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  187O: 
923.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:  227.  —  Britton  & 
Brown,  111.  Fl.  1 :  427. /.  1027.  —  Holler's  Deutsche 


THE    YUCCEAE.  47 

Gartner-Zeit.  11:  361.  /.  —  Mohr,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl. 
Herb.  6:  441,  as  to  southern  localities. 


Tuca  foliis   fllamentosis.  Morison,  Plant.  Hist.  2:  419.  Sect.  4.  pi. 

23.  (1680). 
Juca  Americana  fllamentosa.    Hunting,  Waare  Oeftening  der  Planten. 

471. /.  (1682).  Naauwkeurige  Beschryv.  der  Aardgew.  663.  (1696). 
Yucca   Virginiana,    foliis    per    ambitum    apprime  fllatis.    Plukenet, 

Almag.  Bot.  396.  (1696).  —  Raius,  Hist.  Plant.  8:  573.  (1704). 
Yucca  foliis  lanceolatis  etc.  Trew.  PI.  Sel.  9.  pi.  37.  (1754). 
Yucca  foliis  lanceolatis  acuminatis  integerrimis  margine  fllamentosis. 

Gronovius,  Fl.  Virgin.  152.  (1739).  53.  (1762). 

Acaulescent,  cespitosely  suckering.  Leaves  rather  firm,  generally 
stiffly  erect  or  spreading,  about  half  a  meter  long,  usually  something 
over  25  mm.  wide,  narrowed  above  the  base,  attenuate  or  typically 
abruptly  acute,  occasionally  somewhat  pungent,  green  or  a  little  glaucous, 
the  back  frequently  roughened  in  lines;  marginal  threads  rather  thick 
and  curly  for  the  group.  Inflorescence  1.5  to  3  or  4  m.  high,  long- 
pedunculate,  glabrous  or  very  exceptionally  puberulent.  Flowers  white, 
usually  tinged  with  cream  color  or  green  or  rarely  browned,  expanding 
50  to  75  mm. ;  style  white,  elongated,  at  most  slightly  swollen,  3-grooved. 
Capsule  apple-green  and  with  regularly  convex  carpels  when  maturing, 
50  or  60  mm.  long  and  brown  when  ripe:  seeds  glossy,  4  to  5X  7  mm.  — 
Plates  8-12.  79.  87. 

In  a  generalized  sense,  a  species  usually  of  the  coastal 
plain  of  the  southeastern  Atlantic  region,  from  Tampa, 
Fla.,  to  above  Charleston,  S.  C.,  and  extending  back  to 
northwestern  Georgia,  west-central  North  Carolina, 
southwestern  Alabama,  and  the  gulf  coast  of  Missis- 
sippi.— Plate  87,  f.  1. 

The  principal  forms  appear  separable  as  follows :  — 

Leaves  of  medium  size,  little  recurved.  Y.  filamentosa. 

Variegated  with  white  or  yellow.  f.  variegata. 
Outer  leaves  attenuate,  recurved,  the  inner  very  broadly 

lanceolate,  erect.  var.  media. 

Leaves  narrow,  very  spreading.  var.  patens. 

Leaves  very  long,  attenuate,  recurving.  var.  bracteata. 

Leaves  very  broadly  spatulate,  not  recurved.  var.  concava. 

Y.  FILAMENTOSA  Linnaeus. 

Synonymy  as  above. 


48  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

Leaves  25  to  40  mm.  wide,  gradually  acute,  rather  rigid,  striate,  the 
outer  rarely  recurving.  Petals  broad,  acute.  Capsules  rather  narrowly 
cylindrical.  —  Plates  8.12,f.l. 

West-central  North  Carolina  to  southeastern  South  Caro- 
lina, Florida  from  Jacksonville  to  Tampa,  and  doubtless  in 
the  intervening  country.  —  Plate  85,  f.  1. 

Y.  FILAMENTOSA  VARIEGATA  Carrierc,  Rev.  Hort.  I860: 

215. Naudin,  Plantes  Feuill.  Colors'.  1.  pi.  51. — 

Lowe,  Beautiful  Lvd.  Plants.  105.  pi.  51.  —  Garden. 
1:152. /.  27t:266,309.  32:600. — Gardeners' Chron. 
n.  s.  7  : 341.  *  n.  s.  13  :  594.  n.  s.  23  :  803. 

?  T.  ftlamentosa  aurea  elegantissima  Wiener  111.  Gart.-Zeit.  5 :  389. 
(1880). 

T.  filamentosa  bicolor  Hort. 

T.  recuroifolia  Park  &  Cemetery.  11 :  184.  /. 

Leaves  margined  and  striped  with  various  shades  of  white  and  yellow. 

A  garden  sport,  or  series  of  sports,  the  color  extremes  of 
which  should  doubtless  bear  distinctive  horticultural  names. 

Y.  FILAMENTOSA  PATENS  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  I860  :  216. 

Y.filamentosa  Mohr,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb.  6: 441,  in  part. 

Leaves  rather  rigidly  spreading,  15  to  20  mm.  wide,  gradually  attenu- 
ate to  a  sharp  point. 

From  northwestern  to  southeastern  Georgia. — Plate  85, 
f-  2. 

Y.  FILAMENTOSA  BRACTEATA  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St. 
Louis.  3:52-3.  (1873).  —  Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad. 
14:254.  — Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  : 228. 
?  Y.  filamentosa  maxima  Carriere,  Kev.  Hort.  1860:213. 

Very  large,  with  elongated  leaves,  the  outer  recurved,  mostly  large 
foliaceous  scape  bracts,  more  frequently  puberulent  panicle  sometimes 
nearly  5  m.  high,  and  more  attenuate  petals.  Capsule  narrowly  oblong, 
mucronate-beaked.  — Plate  9. 

About  Charleston,  S.  C.,  and  doubtless  along  the  adja- 
cent Georgia  coast,  where  it  is  sometimes  seen  in  cultivation. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  49 

Simulating  in  aspect  or  bract  characters  cultivated  forms  of 
Y.  flaccida.— Plate  86,  f.  1. 

Y.  FILAMENTOSA  coNCAVA  (Haworth)  Baker,  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  Bot.  18:228.  (1880). 

Y.  concava  Haworth,  Suppl.  PI.  Succ.  34.  (1819).  — Lemaire,  111.  Hort. 
13:98. 

Y.  fllamentosa  latifolia  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  8  :  52.  ( 1873). 

General  characters  of  the  type,  into  which  it  appears  to  pass,  but  the 
usually  very  plicate  abruptly  acute  or  obtuse  leaves  deeply  concave  and 
spatulately  enlarged  to  a  width  of  as  much  as  100  mm.  — Plates  10.  79, 
f.l. 

About  Charleston,  S.  C.,  to  below  Savannah,  Ga.,  at 
Salisbury,  Md.,  and  doubtless  in  much  of  the  intervening 
coast  region.  —  Plate  86,  f.  2. 

Y.  FILAMENTOSA  MEDIA  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1860:213. 
/.  47-8. 

Y.  fllamentosa  laevigata  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  8 :  52,  54, 
214.  (1873).  — Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  14  1 254.  —Baker,  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  : 228. 

Y.  fllamentosa  Journ.  of  Hort.  52  : 271.  /. 

?  Y.  flaccida  Lindley,  Bot.  Reg.  22.  pi.  1895.  —Baker,  Kef.  Bot.  5  . 
text  to  pi.  323. 

?  Y.  puberula  Baker,  Ref.  Bot.  5  .pi.  322,  —  not  text. 

?  Y.  glauca  Baker,  Ref.  Bot.  5  .pi.  315. 

Leaves  rather  thinner,  the  outer  gradually  more  attenuate  and  re- 
curved, the  inner  broadly  lanceolate ;  the  marginal  threads  straighter. 
Inflorescence  mostly  puberulent  and  sometimes  tomentose.  —  Plate  11. 

A  garden  form,  passing  towards  Y.  flaccida  glaucescens 
and  Y.  Louisianensis. 

Y.  FLACCIDA  Haworth,  Suppl.  PL  Succ.  34.  (1819).— 
Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13:  99.  — Baker,  Gard.  Chron. 
1870:  923.  Ref.  Bot.  5.  pi.  323. 

Y.  puberula  Haworth,  Phil.  Mag.  1828 : 126.  —  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard. 
pi.  21.—  Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  18 1 99.  —  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870: 
923. 
Y.  filamentosa  flaccida  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  ;  52,  214. 


5()  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL,    GARDEN. 

(1873).  _  Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  14  : 254.  —  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.. 
Soc.  Bot.  18  :  228.  —Garden.  58 :  447.  /. 

1'.  filamentosa  puberula  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:228.  (1880). 

Y.fllamentosa  Gattinger,  Tenn.  Flora.  (1887).  58.  (1901).  86.  — Mohr, 
Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb.  6  : 441,  as  to  northern  localities.  —  Garden. 
68 : 445.  /.  —  Park  and  Cemetery.  11 : 184.  /. 

r.  Meldensis  Garden.  8  : 147.  (1875). 

Acaulescent,  cespitose.  Leaves  thin,  flexible,  the  outer  almost 
always  recurved,  10  to  40  mm.  wide,  elongated  lanceolate,  very 
gradually  long  attenuate,  mostly  plicate,  with  fine  long  and  rather 
straight  thin  marginal  fibers  except  in  two  threadless  garden  forms. 
Panicle  mostly  pubescent.  Maturing  capsule  dull  grayish-green,  the 
carpels  variously  and  irregularly  flattened  in  places,  as  if  shaved  off  with 
a  knife ;  when  ripe,  broad,  usually  constricted,  and  mostly  flaring  above : 
seeds  rather  dull,  larger,  7  to  8  X  8  to  10  mm.  —Plates  12-1 7.  76.  79. 

Asheville,  N.  C.,  to  Gadsden  and  Anniston,  Ala.,  in  and 
near  the  mountains.  —  Plate  87,  f.  2. 

Occasional  simple  racemes  are  produced  from  small 
lateral  crowns,  when  the  main  crown  is  in  bloom  (Plate 
13),  as  has  been  observed  on  some  species  of  Agave,  and 
one  depauperate  garden  form  produces  an  unbranched  main 
inflorescence. 

An  interesting  winter  adaptation  of  the  foliage  of  this  spe- 
cies is  readily  observed  in  the  North  whenever  the  tempera- 
ture remains  for  any  time  below  the  freezing  point,  for  at 
and  below  this  temperature  the  spreading  unflexed  middle 
leaves,  which  are  ordinarily  somewhat  concave,  have  their 
margins  rolled  inwards  so  as  nearly  or  quite  to  meet  at 
the  center,  though  they  scarcely  become  involute  in  the 
proper  meaning  of  that  word.  (Plate  14). 

The  numerous  intergrading  garden  forms  of  Y.  flaccida 
seem  capable  of  most  natural  arrangement  as  follows :  — 

Petals  broad,  acute  or  acuminate.    Panicle  mostly  pubescent.   T.  flaccida. 
Inflorescence  a  raceme.  f.  orchioides. 

Petals  usually  more  lanceolate,  attenuate. 
Leaves  flliferous. 

Panicle  very  pubescent.  var.  glaucescens. 

Leaves  transiently  variegated.  f .  lineata. 


THE   YUCCEAE.  51 

Panicle  mostly  glabrous.  var.  grandiflora. 
Leaves  without  marginal  threads. 

Panicle  pubescent.  f.  exigua. 

Panicle  glabrous;  petals  blunter.  f.  Integra. 

Y.  FLACCIDA  Haworth. 
Synonymy  as  above. 

Leaves  rather  green,  scarcely  25  mm.  wide,  very  flexible.  Panicle 
moderately  pubescent  to  glabrous.  Petals  usually  broad  and  rather 
short.  —Plate  16. 

The  commoner  wild  form. 

Y.  Meldensis  of  gardens  appears  to  differ  only  in  having 
more  spreading  panicle  branches,  in  which  it  agrees  with 
some  garden  forms  of  Y.  filamentosa. 

Y.  flaccida  orchioides  (Carriere)  Trelease. 

T.  orchioides  Carriere,  Eev.  Hort.  1861 :  370.  /.  89,  90.  —  Lemaire, 
111.  Hort.  13  :  99.  —Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870  :  1122.  — Engelmann, 
Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  :  43. 

A  depauperate  garden  form  with  stiffer  more  erect  nearly  threadless 
leaves,  and  racemose  inflorescence. 

Y.  flaccida  glaucescens  (Haworth)  Trelease. 

Y.  glaucescens  Haworth,  Suppl.  PL  Succ.  34.  (1819). — Sweet,  Brit. 

Fl.   Gard.  pi.    53. — Bommer,  Journ.  d'Hort.   Prat.   1859:41. — 

Lemaire,  111.   Hort.    13:98.  — Baker,  Gard.  Chron.    1870:923.— 

Hemsley,  Garden.  8  :  132. 
Y.  filamentosa  glaucescens  Baker,    Journ.   Linn.    Soc.  Bot.  18 : 228. 

(1880). 

Y.  filamentosa  Antwerpensis  Baker.  Z.  c. 

Y.  orchioides  major  Baker,  Bot.  Mag.  iii.  33.  pi.  6316.  (1877). 
Y.  flaccida  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1859  :  555.  /.  11 9, 120. 
Y.  filamentosa  Baker,  Ref .  Bot.  6.  pi.  324.  —  Rept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard. 

3.  pi.  10.—  Amer.  Florist.  8:55.  /. 

A  more  glaucous  form,  with  the  leaves  mostly  broader  and  erect  until 
a  later  period,  almost  tomentose  panicle,  and  more  attenuate  petals.  — 
Plates  12,  f.  2.  13-15.  17,  f.  1.  76,  f.  2.  79,  f.  2. 

The  common  form  of  American  gardens. 


52  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL,    GARDEN. 

Y.  flaccida  lineata  Trelease. 

A  garden  sport,  apparently  of  var.  glaucescens,  but  in  habit  more  resem- 
bling T.  filamentosa  media,  having  the  young  leaves  striped  with  dingy  or 
yellowish  white,  the  variegation  soon  fading  for  the  most  part. 

Cultivated  at  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden  and  said  to 
have  come  from  Haage  &  Schmidt  in  1881.  Doubtless  it 
is  this  by  which  the  variegated  form  of  Y.  filamentosa 
proper  is  represented  in  many  gardens. 

Y.  flaccida  exigua  (Baker)  Trelease. 

Y.  exigua  Baker,  Ref.  Bot.  5.  pi-  314.  (1872).  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot. 
18  :  223.  —  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  : 43. 

A  garden  form  of  var.  glaucescens  with  the  leaves  without  marginal 
threads. 

Y.  flaccida  grandiflora  (Baker)  Trelease. 

Y.  filamentosa  grandiflora  Baker,  Ref .  Bot.  5.  pi.  325.  (1872) 
Y.  filamentosa  maxima  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:227.  (1880). 
Y.  filamentosa  Garden.    1:152./.   12 1  72. /.  —  Gartenflora.  24:372. 
f.  —  Wiener  111.  Gart.-Zeit.  13:  119.  /.  —  Step,  Favourite  Flowers. 
4.  pi.  272. 

Scarcely  more  than  a  large  sometimes  glabrous  form  of  var.  glauces- 
cens, in  aspect  resembling  Y.  filamentosa  bracteata. 

Y.  flaccida  Integra  Trelease. 

Y.  glauca  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  53.  pi.  2662.  (1826).  —  Regel,  Garten- 
flora.  8 :  36.  —  Bommer,  Journ.  d'Hort.  Prat.  1859  :  43.  —  Lemaire, 
111.  Hort.  13 :  97.  —  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3 :  43, 
53.  —  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870  :  1122.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18 : 
223. 

Scarcely  more  than  a  narrow-leaved  glabrous  form  of  f .  exigua. 

The  name  employed  by  Sims  is  antedated  thirteen  years 
by  Y.  glauca  Nutt. 

The  filiferous-leaved  "  bear  grasses  "  of  the  southeastern 
Atlantic  States  are  not  easily  disposed  of  in  an  attempt  to 
monograph  the  genus  to  which  they  belong,  partly  because 
they  are  more  commonly  seen  in  cultivation  than  in  a  state 
of  nature,  partly  because  of  their  interblending  characters, 


THE    YUCCEAE.  53 

and  partly  because  of  generalized  earlier  descriptions.  One 
of  the  representatives  of  this  group  (probably  true  Y.  fila- 
mentosa)  was  introduced  into  Europe  about  1675,  and 
Y.  filamentosa  was  one  of  the  four  Yuccas  known  to  Lin- 
naeus a  century  later,  his  description  of  it  reading  merely 
"foliis  serrato-filamentosis,"  and  the  only  figure  cited  by 
him  *  being  very  unsatisfactory. 

That  two  species,  Y.  filamentosa  and  Y.  flaccida,  are 
separable,  appears  certain,  as  is  also  true  of  Engelmann's 
conclusion  f  that  the  filamentosa  of  Linnaeus  was  th« 
form  to  which  that  name  is  here  applied ;  but  I  have  found 
it  possible  to  fix  only  an  approximate  geographical  range 
for  either,  and  the  garden  forms  are  not  separated  as 
sharply  as  is  desirable,  nor  so  as  to  prevent  some  of  them 
from  obscuring  the  demarcation  line  between  the  species. 
It  is  not  improbable  that  some  of  them  represent  hybrids 
between  the  latter. 

44.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  white-margined. 

Y.  tciiuistyla  Trelease. 

Acaulescent.  Leaves  rather  soft  and  mostly  recurving,  often  a  little 
scabrid  on  the  back,  about  .5  m.  long  and  10  to  15  mm.  wide,  dark  green, 
lanceolate,  long-attenuate,  scarcely  pungent,  white-margined,  finely 
flliferous.  Inflorescence  about  1  m.  high,  panicled  at  some  distance  above 
the  leaves,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent.  Flowers  with  narrower, 
more  pointed  segments :  style  oblong,  white,  often  deeply  parted.  Capsule 
stout,  even :  seeds  glossy,  7  to  8  X  8  to  10  mm.  —  Plates  17,f.  2.  18.  19. 
83>f.S. 

Southeastern  Texas,  from  about  Galveston  (Lindheimer, 
May,  1843),  to  Sealy  (Trelease,  Harvey),  and  New 
Braunfels  (Lindheimer,  June,  1845),  at  the  latter  place 
associated  with  Y.  Arkansana,  which  it  closely  resembles 
in  foliage.  —  Plate  92,  f.  1. 

Some  of  the  Lindheimer  material  in  the  Engelmann  her- 


*  Morison,  Plant.  Hist.  2 :  419. 
t  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3 :  52. 


54  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

barium  consists  of  loose  flowers,  some  of  which  have  a 
short  thick  green  style,  while  others  have  the  style 
longer,  slenderer,  and  white;  while  the  fragments  of  in- 
florescence are  equally  suggestive  of  mixed  material,  some 
of  which  was  from  racemes  while  the  rest  represent  pan- 
icle branches.  Field  observation  the  present  season,  and 
material  received  from  Mr.  J.  Eeverchon,  of  Dallas,  and 
Mr.  J.  A.  Harvey,  of  Sealy,  confirm  the  conclusion  reached, 
that  the  grass-leaved  Yuccas  of  eastern  Texas  comprise  three 
species,  Y.  ArJccmsana,  Y.  Louisianensis,  and  the  one 
here  characterized. 

Y.  CONSTRICTA  Buckley,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia. 
1862:8.  — Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1862:167.- 
Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3:213.  Bot. 
Gazette.  7  :  17. 

?  Y.  alba-spica  Koch,  Belg.  Hort.  12:  111.  (1862).  —Rev.  Hort.  1865  : 
151.    48  :  432.  —  ?  Flore  des  Series.  17  : 110.  f.  1612.  —  Engelmaun, 
Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3 :  213.  —  Garden.  8  : 147. 
Y.  angustifolia  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1860 : 20.  /.  3,  4.     1864  :  151.  — 

Garden.  8: 134. /.—Bray,  Bot.  Gaz.  32:280,  in  part*. 
F.  glauca  Bray,  1.  c.  271.  /.  18,  in  part*. 

Low  or  acaulescent.  Leaves  rather  rigidly  divergent,  about  10  mm. 
•wide,  whitish  green,  the  white  margin  soon  shredding  into  fine  threads. 
Inflorescence  about  1.5  m.  high,  rather  amply  branched  at  top.  Flowers 
white,  globose-campanulate,  with  broad  segments :  style  white,  more  or 
less  tumid.  Capsule  constricted,  flaring  above,  dark,  with  a  ridge  over 
each  false  septum:  seeds  5  to  6X  7  to  9  mm.  —Plates  20.  21,  f.  1.  83, 
f.4. 

Seward  County,  Kansas,  to  the  Pecos  river  region  of 
Texas. — Plate  92,  f.  2. 

Among  other  plants  from  western  Texas  which  Mr.  S.  B. 
Buckley  characterized  about  forty  years  ago  was  a  Yucca 

*  As  is  more  clearly  shown  in  a  print  from  his  negative,  furnished  me 
by  Professor  Bray,  than  in  his  published  figure,  the  latter  represents  two 
species,—  Y.  glauca,  with  simple  racemes  in  full  bloom,  and  Y.  constricta, 
with  branched  pedunculate  inflorescence  still  in  bud. 


THE   YUCCEAE.  55 

which  he  called  Y.  constricta,  and  described  as  being  shortly 
caulescent  with  leaves  similar  to  but  shorter  than  those  of 
the  Rocky  Mountain  species  now  called  Y.  glauca,  long- 
stalked  panicle,  and  capsules  constricted  in  the  middle. 
When  Dr.  Engelmann  raised  to  specific  rank  the  arborescent 
species  that  replaces  this  to  the  west,  under  the  name  Y. 
elata,*  he  was  particular  to  exclude  from  it  Y.  constricta, 
which  he  regarded  as  a  caulescent  form  of  Y.  glauca;  but 
this  conclusion,  which  did  not  accord  with  the  description 
of  fruit  and  inflorescence  given  by  Buckley,  was  subsequently 
changed  by  himf  and  has  not  been  followed  by  other  writers, 
who  have  considered  F.  data  and  Y.  constricta  to  be  syn- 
onymous, t 

From  observations  made  about  Putnam,  Texas,  in  1892, § 
and  at  various  points  west  of  San  Antonio  in  1900, 1  should 
say  that  Y.  constricta  is  quite  distinct  from  both  the  pre- 
ceding and  the  next  species,  differing  from  the  former  in 
its  narrower  and  firmer  leaves  and  more  ample  inflorescence, 
and  from  the  latter  in  its  usually  very  short  stem,  smaller 
constricted  dark  capsules,  and  much  smaller  seeds. 

Among  a  number  of  plants  selected  by  Mr.  James  Gur- 
ney  a  few  years  since  in  Seward  County,  Kansas,  for  the 
demonstration  of  the  great  variability  in  the  leaves  of 
Y.  glauca,  is  one  which  in  foliage  could  hardly  be  dis- 
tinguished from  the  usual  form  of  that  species,  or  the 
somewhat  broader-leaved  variety  by  which  the  latter  is 
represented  in  that  part  of  Kansas,  but  which,  on  blooming 
in  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden  in  1900  produced  a 
rather  ample  long-pedunculate  panicle  of  pure  white  flow- 
ers, with  white  styles,  which  began  to  expand  with  the 

*  Bot.  Gazette.  7  : 17.  (1882). 
f  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3:213. 

%  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  : 229.  —  Sargent,  Silva.  10 : 27. 
§  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4 : 207,  under  T.  glauca  stricta    (=  Y.  Ar- 
kansana). 


56  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

first  flowers  of  Y.  jlaccida,  which  they  closely  resemble,  and 
at  the  end  of  the  flowering  period  of  Y.  glauca  and  its  va- 
riety stricta.  It  is  hard  to  see  how  this  plant  can  be 
separated  from  Y.  constricta.  What  appears  to  be  the  same 
has  been  collected  by  Dr.  Kleinschmidt  at  Mt.  Kiowa,  Okl., 
and  the  character  of  the  intervening  country  is  such  as  to 
make  its  extension  probable  from  southwestern  Kansas  ta 
the  Pecos  river  of  Texas,  while  Professor  Bray's  photo- 
graph referred  to  above  shows  it  to  be  a  characteristic 
plant  of  the  staked  plains. 

Y.  RADIOSA  (Engelmann)  Trelease,  Rept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard. 

3:  103.   (1892). 

Y.  angustifolia  radiosa  Engelmann,  Bot.  King.  496.  (1871). 
Y.  angustifolia  data  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  :  50,  51. 

(1873).  —  Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  14  :  253. 
F.  elata  Engelmann,  Bot.  Gaz.  7  :  17.  (1882).  —  Coulter,  Contr.  U.  S. 

Natl.  Herb.  2  :  437.  —  Garden.  86:  573.  — Gard.  &  Forest.  2:  568. 

/.  146.    9 :  313.  —  Rept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  3  :  164.  pi.  9.    4  :  201.  pi- 

10,15,  22.  — Bot.  Mag.  iii.  55.  pi.  7650. 
Y.  constricta  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  229.  —  Sargent,  Silva. 

10:27.  pi.  504.  — In  part. 
Y.  angustifolia  Havard,  Proc.  U.  S.  Natl.  Mus.  8  :  470. 

Caulescent,  the  larger  trees  reaching  a  height  of  5  to  7  m.,  simple  or 
with  a  few  short  branches  at  top.  Leaves  pallid,  rather  rigidly  diver- 
gent, long,  3  to  10  or  rarely  13  mm.  wide,  white-margined  and  soon  finely 
and  copiously  filiferous.  Inflorescence  large,  panicled  on  a  long  ex- 
serted  peduncle,  glabrous.  Flowers  white,  bell-shaped,  with  lanceolate 
attenuate  segments :  style  white,  oblong.  Capsule  oblong,  smooth,  not 
or  rarely  constricted,  with  ribless  convex  valves,  straw-colored:  seeds 
rather  dull,  8  to  10X  12  to  15  mm.  —  Plates  21,  f.  2.  22.  83,  f.  5. 
S6,f.l. 

Southern  Arizona  to  the  Rio  Grande,  as  far  as  the  big 
bend,  and  south  to  about  the  city  of  Chihuahua.  —  Plate 
93,  f.  1. 

In  describing  the  Yuccas  for  Watson's  Botany  of  the 
Fortieth  Parallel,  Dr.  Engelmann  characterized  an  arbores- 
cent plant  with  large  panicles  and  lanceolate  petals  under 


THE    YUCCEAE.  57 

the  name  Y.  angustifolia  ft.  radiosa,  which  varietal  name, 
two  years  later,  he  replaced  by  the  varietal  name  elata  which 
was  still  later  applied  specifically  by  him. 

With  Mr.  Baker,  and  against  the  opinion  of  Engelmann, 
Professor  Sargent  identifies  this  plant  with  the  earlier 
Y.  constricta  of  Buckley  and  applies  the  latter  name  to  it. 
As  has  been  stated  above,  however,  there  is  reason  to 
believe  that  Y.  constricta  is  really  a  distinct  species  of  more 
eastern  and  northern  range,  and  to  the  present  one  the  name 
radiosa,  first  used  varietally  by  Engelmann,  is  applicable  as 
a  specific  name. 

As  in  Y.  glauca,  the  fruit  of  this  species  is  stout,  oblong, 
and  unusually  symmetrical  among  the  capsular  species,  and 
it  is  here  very  smooth  and  of  a  clear  straw-color  at  matur- 
ity, and  the  seeds  are  exceptionally  large.  The  leaves, 
which  are  usually  about  6  mm.  wide,  occasionally  reach  a 
minimum  of  3  mm.  and  a  maximum  of  about  12  mm.,  but 
both  the  broad-  and  narrow-leaved  trees  occur  associated 
with  the  usual  form,  from  which  they  do  not  appear  other- 
wise distinguishable. 

So  far  as  can  be  told  from  young  leaves  from  Mr.  Baker, 
in  the  Engelmann  herbarium,  Y.  polyphylla  Baker,*  — 
which  its  author  subsequently  f  treated  as  a  synonym  of 
Y.  radiosa,  under  the  name  Y.  constricta,  —  is  more 
likely  to  have  been  based  on  an  immature  and  aberrant 
garden  seedling  of  Y.  fiUfera  than  one  of  the  representa- 
tives of  this  group,  since  the  leaf  possesses  a  distinct 
brown  margin,  very  different  from  the  white  margin  of 
Y.  radiosa  and  its  allies,  which  at  most  very  exceptionally 
has  a  narrow  brown  line  between  the  white  border  and 
the  green  body  of  the  leaf.  Though  Y.  alba-spica  (or 
albospica  as  it  is  commonly  written)  seems  to  refer  to  the 


*  Gard.  Chron.  1870  : 1088. 

t  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  : 229. 


58  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

preceding  rather  than  the  present  species,  the  latter 
is  doubtless  now  in  cultivation  under  that  name.  * 

For  some  reason  this  very  striking  Yucca  does  not  ap- 
pear to  have  been  collected  or  commented  on  by  the  bota- 
nists of  the  original  boundary  survey,  though  it  is 
abundant  in  the  Rio  Grande  valley  about  Presidio.  The 
botanists  of  the  later  survey  seem  to  have  passed  in  by  for 
Y.  glauca,  which  I  have  not  seen  from  so  far  south. 

33.  Inflorescence  racemose  or  branched  close  to  the  leaves.  Sub- 
acaulescent  plants. 

Y.  angustissima  Engelmann,  in  herb. 

Y.  glauca  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb.  4 : 202. 

Y.  radiosa  Coville,  1.  c.  203,  277. 

Y.  elata  ?  Merriam,  N.  A.  Fauna.  7:  358. 

Acaulescent,  from  thick  horizontal  root-stocks.  Leaves  as  in  the 
narrowest  forms  of  Y.  radiosa  and  Y.  glauca,  2  to  5  mm.  wide,  .2  to  .4  m. 
long,  pungent,  white-bordered,  very  freely  and  often  curly-filiferous 
below.  Inflorescence  glabrous,  1  to  1.5  m.  high,  racemose,  or  short- 
branched  below.  Perianth  segments  rather  short,  mostly  acutely  lan- 
ceolate :  style  as  in  the  preceding.  Capsule  scarcely  exceeding  50  mm.  in 
length,  rough,  brown,  constricted,  with  a  median  rib  on  each  valve :  seeds 
glossy,  5  to  7  X  7  to  8  mm.  —  Plates  23,  f.l.24,f.l.  83,  f.  6. 

Southwestern  Utah,  southeastern  Nevada,  and  north- 
western Arizona,  in  the  region  of  the  Colorado  river. — 
Plate  93,  f.  1. 

In  habit,  this  species,  which  is  briefly  referred  to  without 
name  by  Professor  Sargent,  f  recalls  the  narrow-leaved  form 
of  Y.  glauca  as  found,  for  example,  about  Albuquerque, 
N.  M.,  or  the  narrowest-leaved  forms  of  Y.  radiosa,  when 
the  latter  is  acaulescent.  From  the  former  it  differs  in  its 
more  frequently  branched  inflorescence,  oblong  (white  ?) 
style,  and  smaller  capsule  and  seed ;  and  from  the  latter  in 
never  becoming  a  tree  and  in  its  subsimple  inflorescence, 
smaller,  rougher  and  darker,  constricted  capsules,  and  muck 

*  See  Baker,  Kew.  Bull.  1892 : 8. 
t  Sargent,  Silva.  10  :  28.    Note. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  59 

smaller  seeds.  Specimens  examined: — "Deserts  of  the 
Colorado  river"  (Bigelow  in  1853  and  1854);  Grand 
canon  region,  Ariz.  (Tourney  in  1892,  Trelease  in  1901); 
'*  Arizona"  (Palmer,  799);  "Southern  Utah,  northern 
Arizona,  &c."  (Palmer  in  1877);  St.  George,  Utah 
(Palmer  in  1870) ;  and  La  Verken,  Utah  (Jones,  5180). 

Y.  Harrimaniae  Trelease. 

Acaulescent,  often  cespitose.  Leaves  linear  to  spatulate-lanceolate, 
usually  6  to  15,  or  even  40  mm.  wide,  thin  but  firm,  rigidly  spreading, 
glaucous,  or  green  with  age,  concave,  pungent,  narrowly  brown-bor- 
dered, with  relatively  coarse,  at  length  circinate,  white  marginal  fibers. 
Inflorescence  .25  to  .5  m.  high,  simple,  flowering  from  close  to  the  base, 
glabrous.  Flowers  greenish,  large,  with  broad  often  obtuse  segments :  style 
slender.  Capsule  brown,  broadly  oblong,  about  40  mm.  long,  constricted, 
flaring  above,  the  valves  sometimes  attenuate-mucronate :  seeds  4  to  5X  5 
to  6  mm.  —  Plates  28.  29.  83,  f.  10. 

Utah:  —  Cedar  City  (Parry,  July  6,  1874),  Near  King- 
ston (Jones,  5322),  Helper  (Trelease  in  1899  and  1901), 
to  western  Colorado: — Cimmaron  (Baker,  281),  —  on 
gravelly  hillsides.  — Plate  93,  f.  1. 

A  very  distinct  species,  often  flowering  when  the  leaf- 
rosette  is  not  over  a  span  wide,  the  broadly  spatulate 
foliage  of  these  small  plants  being  strikingly  unlike  that  of 
any  other  mature  Yucca.  My  first  acquaintance  in  the 
field  with  this  plant  resting  upon  the  detention  of  our 
train  at  Helper,  Utah,  because  of  a  washout,  on  the 
return  of  the  Harriman  Alaska  Expedition,  I  take  pleas- 
ure in  dedicating  it  to  our  hostess  on  that  occasion,  Mrs. 
Edward  H.  Harriman. 

22.  Style  stout,  green. 

3.  Inflorescence  racemose  or  branched  close  to  the  leaves. 

Y.  GLAUCA  Nuttall,  Eraser's  Cat.  no.  89.  (1813).  — Pit- 
tonia.  2:  115.  —  Coulter,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb. 
2:437.— Trelease,  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:205. 
6.  pi.  facing  p.  7. — Schimper,  Pflanzengeographie. 


(JO  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

677. /.  384.  —  Bush,  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  6:  122, 

133.  _  Britton  &  Brown,  111.  Fl.  1 :  427.  /.  1026.  - 

Bray  (in  part*),  Bot.  Gaz.  32  :  271. /.  18. 

Y.  angustifoliaPursh,  Flora.  1  :  227.  (1814).— Nuttall,  Gen.  1  S  218.— 

Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  48.  pi-  2236.  —  Bommer,  Journ.  d'Hort.   Prat. 

3.  41.  _  Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13  :  99.  —  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870: 

923.    Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18 :  226.  —  Engelmann,  Bot.  King.  496. 

Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  :  50.  —  Palmer,  Amer.  Journ.  Pharm.  50  : 

587.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  14  :  253.  —  Gard.  &  Forest.  2 : 

244,  247.  /.  —  Garden.   58  :  446.  —  Kept.    Mo.   Bot.    Gard.  3  :  163. 

pi.  8)  51.  —  Wiener  111.  Gart.-Zeit.  12  :  35.  — Bray  (in  part*),  Bot. 

Gaz.  32 : 280. 

?  Y.  Hanburii  Baker,  Kew.  Bull.  1892  :  8,  217.    Gard.  Chron.  iii.  11 : 
749.  _  Wiener  111.  Gart.-Zeit.  17  :  433. 

Subacaulescent  or  with  branching  prostrate  stem.  Leaves  rather 
rigidly  divergent,  6  to  12  mm.  wide,  pallid,  white-margined,  soon  finely 
but  usually  sparingly  flliferous.  Inflorescence  1  to  2  m.  high,  simple  or 
with  an  occasional  short  included  branch,  floriferous  from  near  the  base, 
glabrous.  Flowers  greenish-white,  globose  or  oblong,  campanulate3  the 
segments  varying  from  broad  and  acute  to  longer  and  more  attenuate ; 
style  green,  tumid.  Capsule  large,  oblong,  usually  not  constricted, 
somewhat  roughened,  brown:  seeds  very  glossy,  7  to  9  X  H  to  13  mm. — 
Plates  23,  f.  2.  24,  f.  2.  25.  83,  f.  9. 

Central  South  Dakota  and  southern  Wyoming,  to  north- 
west Missouri,  Central  Kansas  and  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Fe, 
New  Mexico.  —  Plate  93,  f.  1. 

The  usual  form  from  Trinidad  southward  is  prevailingly 
narrower-leaved  than  that  of  the  north  and  east. 

This  low  capsular  bear-grass  or  soap-weed  of  the  central 
Rocky  Mountain  region  and  northern  plains,  is  almost  in- 
variably marked  by  a  simple  inflorescence,  not  carried  on 
a  scape  above  the  cluster  of  leaves.  Only  exceptionally 
are  any  branches  formed  on  the  panicle,  and  then  these, 
which  are  toward  its  base,  are  very  small  and  few  in  num- 
ber, though  when  the  developing  inflorescence  has  been 
injured  a  greater  development  of  these  potential  rudiment- 
ary basal  branches  is  observed. 


*  See  note  under  Y.  constricta  above. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  61 

European  gardens  contain,  under  the  name  Y.  angusti- 
folia,  plants  which  are  very  different  from  the  Yucca  so- 
called  by  Pursh.  In  1860,  Carriere,*  giving  Y.  albo-spica 
as  a  synonym,  described  and  figured  one  such  plant,  with 
long-exserted  glabrous  panicle  and  rather  broad  filiferous 
leaves,  which,  with  Mr.  Baker, f  I  should  more  readily  refer 
to  Y.  constricta  than  elsewhere,  and  Mr.  Baker  t  states 
that  Y.  flexilis  also  occurs  in  gardens  under  this  name. 
From  the  original  description,  Y.  Hanburii  possesses 
quite  the  inflorescence  of  Y.  glauca;  but  has  the  leaves 
a  little  rough  on  the  back  and  with  a  line  of  brown  between 
the  green  tissue  and  the  marginal  line  of  white.  I  should 
have  thought  of  connecting  with  it  the  narrower  leaves  of 
the  preceding  species,  because  of  these  characters,  had  not 
the  Kew  authorities  given  me  positive  assurance  that  the 
two  are  very  distinct. 

Y.  glauca  stricta  (Sims)  Trelease. 

r.  stricta  Sims,  Bot.   Mag.  48.  pi.  2222.  (1821).— Bommer,  Journ. 

d'Hort.    Prat.  3:41.  —  Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  18  :  95.  —  Baker,  Gard. 

Chron.  1870 :  923.  —  Hemsley,  Garden.  8  : 130,  132.  /.  —  As  to  Sims 

citation  only. 
r.  angustifolia  stricta  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18 : 227.  (1880).  — 

As  to  Sims  citation  only. 

Of  the  habit  of  the  northern  form  of  Y.  glauca,  but  of  more  vigorous 
growth,  and  with  longer,  more  erect  stem.  Leaves  very  long,  12  mm.  or 
less  wide,  at  first  somewhat  glaucous,  the  entire  white  margin  quickly 
shredding  into  slender  fibers.  Inflorescence  usually  tall,  occasionally 
simple  but  typically  paniculately  branched  within  or  close  to  the  cluster  of 
leaves.  Flowers  greenish  white,  often  purple-tinted,  varying  from  glo- 
bose to  oblong-campanulate,  and  with  correspondingly  short  and  blunt  or 
acutely  attenuate  perianth  segments:  style  greatly  swollen  at  base,  green. 
Capsule  and  seeds  unknown.  — Plates  26.  27. 

Seward  County,  Kansas,  and  doubtless  elsewhere  on  the 
plains. 

In  1821,  Dr.  Sims  applied  the  name  Yucca  stricta  to  a 


Rev.  Horticole.  1860 1  20-22.  /.  3-4. 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18 :  229. 
1.  c.  224. 


62  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

filiferous-leaved  plant,  said  to  have  been  introduced  a  few 
years  before  from  the  Carolinas,  by  Mr.  Lyon,  and  to  have 
been  confused,  up  to  the  time  of  its  description,  with  Y. 
angustifolia*  (for  which  the  prior  name  Y.  glauca  is  now 
commonly  employed).  The  good  illustration  that  he  gives, 
and  which  is  copied  by  Hemsley,  shows,  as  the  description 
indicates,  that  the  plant  is  quite  of  the  habit  of  Y.  glauca , 
with  similar  narrow  leaves  and  violet-tinged  greenish  flowers 
having  the  swollen  green  stigmas  of  Y.  glauca;  but  the 
panicle  is  much  branched  below,  the  rather  long  branches 
reaching  about  to  the  top  of  the  uppermost  leaves,  and  the 
flowers  are  subglobose,  with  broad  blunt  perianth  segments, 
in  neither  of  the  latter  respects,  however,  differing  from 
some  specimens  of  Y.  glauca. 

Yucca  stricta,  ever  since  its  establishment,  has  been  a 
puzzle  to  botanists,  partly  because  no  plant  exactly  cor- 
responding with  Sims'  figure  seems  to  have  been  reported 
since  then,  and  partly  because  M.  Carriere,f  and  following 
him,  Mr.  Baker, %  confused  with  it  a  garden  plant,  which, 
in  fact,  appears  to  be  Y.  Louisianensis.  In  his  article  in 
The  Garden, §  Mr.  Hemsley  copies  the  original  illustra- 
tions of  both  forms,  though  treating  them  as  pertaining 
to  one  species.  Both  Baker  and  Hemsley  mention  her- 
barium specimens  collected  by  Drummond  in  Texas  and 
near  New  Orleans,  as  representing  their  Yucca  stricta , 
which  Mr.  Baker  subsequently  called  Y.  angustifolia  var. 
Y.  stricta  ||  and  which  cannot  well  be  the  stricta  of  Sims  or 
of  Carriere,  but  is  what  is  here  called  Y.  Arkansana  or 
Y.  tenuistyla,  or  both.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that 
although  much  collecting  has  been  done  in  the  South 
Atlantic  region  since  the  time  of  Sims'  publication  of 
Yucca  stricta,  no  green-styled  species  of  the  alliance  of 

*  On  this  see  Nuttall,  Genera  1  :  218.  (1818). 

t  Rev.  Horticole.  1859  : 466-470. /.  101-2. 

J  Gard.  Chron.  1870 :  923. 

§  Garden.  8  : 130,  132,  140.  (1875). 

||  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:227.  (1880). 


THE   YUCCEAE.  63- 

the  Kocky  Mountain  Y.  glauca  has  been  found  in  that 
region,  the  nearest  approach  being  the  Gulf  plant  here 
called  Y.  Louisianensis. 

A  few  years  since,  Mr.  James  Gurney,  Head  Gardener  of 
the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  was  struck  with  the  variety 
of  foliage  and  difference  in  vigor  of  growth  shown  by  the 
soap  plants  of  Seward  County,  in  extreme  southwestern 
Kansas,  and  he  selected  for  the  Garden  and  for  Tower 
Grove  Park  a  considerable  number  of  plants  to  show  the 
differences.  Some  of  these  plants,  which  have  made  a 
remarkably  rapid  growth,  have  now  come  into  bloom. 
They  differ  considerably  both  as  to  their  tendency  to  form 
a  short  trunk  and  in  breadth  and  flexibility  of  foliage, 
though  in  this  latter  respect  coming  within  the  known 
range  of  variation  of  Y.  glauca ,  and  to  an  equal  extent  in 
inflorescence,  the  variation  in  the  two  characters,  however, 
not  appearing  capable  of  connection.  While  some  of 
the  plants  produce  a  simple  inflorescence,  indistin- 
guishable from  that  of  Y.  glauca ,  others  almost  exactly 
match  the  original  figure  of  Y.  stricta,  and  still  others, 
with  the  same  compound  inflorescence,  have  the  branches 
originating  at  about  the  top  of  the  leaves  instead  of  in  the 
leaf -cluster.  There  seems  to  be  little  doubt  that  these 
plants  represent  the  true  stricta  of  Sims,  and  that  the  At- 
lantic States  locality  assigned  to  this  when  it  was  published 
rests  upon  some  sort  of  error.  Although,  as  has  beer* 
said,  the  cultivated  plants  produce  either  simple  or  branched 
inflorescence,  the  prevalence  of  the  latter  in  those  which- 
are  strongly  developed,  and  the  rareness  of  branching  in 
the  usual  form  of  Y.  glauca,  make  it  desirable  to  recog- 
nize this  form  varietally. 

Y.  Arkansana  Trelease. 

f.  angustifolia  mollis  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3 : 50,  51. 

(1873).  —  Watson,  Proc.  Arner.  Acad.  14:253. 
T.  glauca  mollis  Branner  &  Coville,  Ann.  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Arkansas- 

for  1888.  4 : 224. 


64  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

Y.     stricta   Baker,    Gard.    Chron.   1870  :  923.  —  Hemsley,    Garden, 
g .  132. As  to  herbarium  citations,  in  part. 

Y.  angustifolia  stricta  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:227.  — As  to 
herbarium  citations,  in  part. 

T.  glauca  stricta  Trelease,  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4  :  206.  pi.  22.  — 
Coulter,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb.  2  : 437. 

Y.  recuroifolia  ?  Nutt.  Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  5: 156. 
Aspect  and  foliage  of  Y.  tenuistyla.  Inflorescence  about  1  m.  high, 
racemose  or  very  rarely  with  a  few  branches,  glabrous.  Flowers  with 
mostly  greenish-white  broad  and  obtuse  segments :  style  green,  usually 
very  tumid  below.  Capsule  little  flaring,  smooth:  seeds  dull,  7  to 
8  X  10  mm-  —  Plates  30.31.  83,  f.  7. 

From  about  Catoosa,  I.  T.  (Bush,  1278)  and  Little 
Rock,  Ark.  (Engelmann,  May  1837)  to  the  vicinity  of  San 
Antonio,  Tex.  — Plate  88,  f.  2. 

The  specific  name  Arkansana,  here  used,  is  applied  in 
deference  to  the  prevalent  American  practice  in  nomencla- 
ture, Engelmann's  varietal  name  mollis  (1873)  having  been 
similarly  used  under  Y.  gloriosa  by  Carriere,  in  1860. 

33.  Inflorescence  amply  panicled  on  a  long  scape.  Foliage  of  the 
preceding  or  wider. 

Y.  Liouisianensis  Trelease. 

Y.  filamentosa  Riddell,  N.  O.  Med.  &  Surg.  Journ.  8  :763.  —  Baflnes- 
que,Fl.  Ludovic.  18.  — Gray,  Manual.  [6  ed.].  524.— Britton,  Man- 
ual. 269.— As  to  the  Louisiana  citation. 

Y.  stricta,  Y.  stricta  elatior,  and  Y.  stricta  intermedia  Carrifcre,  Eev. 
Hort.  1859  :  390,  466.  /.  101-2. 

Of  the  aspect  of  the  preceding,  or,  when  the  inner  leaves  are  dilated, 
of  Y.  filamentosa  media.  The  flaccid  green  leaves  10  to  exceptionally 
40  mm.  wide,  white  bordered  sparingly  flliferous.  Inflorescence  an  ex- 
serted  glabrous  or  mostly  pubescent  panicle.  Petals  broad  to  attenuate. 
Style  variously  tumid  aiid  deep  green,  to  pale  and  oblong.  Capsule 
stout  and  short,  angular  in  developing,  as  in  Y.  flaccida:  seeds  6  to  7  X  6 
to  10  mm.  —  Plates  32-34.  83,  f.  8. 

Louisiana  (Alexandria,  Ball  558;  Minden  and  Alden 
Bridge,  Trelease)  to  northern  Texas  (Jefferson,  Tretease; 
Dallas,  Reverchon;  Texarkana,  Trelease)  and  southeastern 
Indian  Territory  (Atoka,  Butler;  Standley,  Ferriss; 
Poteau,  Trelease).  —  Plate  92,  f.  1. 

Apparently  a  western  derivation  of  the  same  stock  as  the 


THE    YUCCEAE.  65 

^eastern  Y.  filamentosa  and  Y.  flaccida ,  to  both  of  which  it 
bears  some  relationship,  while  apparently  distinct  from 
either.  At  Dallas,  where  Mr.  Reverchon  has  long  culti- 
vated this  and  Y.  rupicola ,  spontaneous  hybrids  occur,  with 
the  leaf -margin  neither  denticulate  nor  filiferous. 

11.  Leaves  not  flliferous,  with  a  distinct  thin  horny,  finely  denticulate 
border. 

2.  Capsule  mucronate,  with  flat-backed  valves. 

Y.  rigida  (Engelmann)  Trelease. 

r.  rupicola  rigida  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  8  :  49.  (1873). — 
Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  14 :  253.  —  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc. 
Bot.  18 :  223. 

Caulescent,  reaching  a  height  of  3  to  5  m.,  simple  or  elongately  few- 
branched  above.  Leaves  glaucous,  thin  but  rather  rigidly  spreading, 
about  25  mm.  wide,  mostly  concave,  often  with  scabrid  ridges,  slender- 
tipped  but  very  pungent,  the  yellow  margin  minutely  denticulale.  Inflo- 
rescence rather  large,  panicled  close  to  the  branches,  glabrous.  Flowers 
not  very  large.  Capsule  oblong,  thick-walled,  rough,  not  constricted, 
the  flat  valves  tipped  with  short  outcurved  points :  seeds  very  dull,  4  to  5 
X  6  to  6  mm.—  Plates  35.  36,  f.  1.  84,f.l. 

Mexico,  from  central  Chihuahua  to  eastern  Durango.  — 
Plate  93,  f.  2. 

The  Engelmann  herbarium  contains  two  specimens  (nos. 
A.  and  477)  of  a  Yucca  collected  in  1847  by  Dr.  Gregg,  in 
a  dry  valley  between  Mapimi  and  Guajuquilla,  in  northern 
Mexico,  which  he  noted  as  from  5  to  10  feet  high,  and  which 
possesses  glaucous  denticulate-margined  rather  narrow 
leaves  which  in  the  herbarium  appear  quite  rigid.  In 
revising  the  Yuccas,  Dr.  Engelmann,  recognizing  a  certain 
comparability  of  these  specimens  with  Y.  rupicola,  desig- 
nated them  by  the  varietal  name  rigida,  under  that  species, 
evidently  mistaking  Gregg's  note  on  the  height  of  the 
plants  for  that  of  the  scape,  instead  of  the  trunk,  which 
it  really  appears  to  have  referred  to.  Within  recent  years, 
the  same  plant  has  been  collected  (and  sometimes  referred 
to  this  variety)  by  Wilkinson  (134715,  224209),  Rae  and 
Hough  (4220),  and  Pringle  (165)  in  the  Santa  Eulalia 
mountains,  near  the  city  of  Chihuahua. 

5 


(J6  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

South  of  Torreon,  along  the  Mexican  Central  railroad, 
particularly  from  about  Picardias  to  about  Jalisco,  this 
small  tree  is  abundant,  on  or  near  the  rocky  hillsides,  and 
conspicuously  contrasted  with  accompanying  Y.  Treculeana 
bv  its  very  glaucous  narrower  foliage.  It  may  be  that  small 
trees  between  Monterey  and  Saltillo,  visible  from  the  Mexi- 
can National  railroad,  extend  its  range  to  the  east. 

Yucca  rigida,  the  specific  name  of  which  is  descriptive 
only  when  its  dried  leaves  are  compared  with  those  of  Y. 
i-upicola,  is  one  of  the  handsomest  tree  Yuccas,  in  its  foli- 
age. The  slender  trunks  are  commonly  simple,  but  occas- 
ionally once  or  more  forked,  with  elongate  branches.  When 
well  developed  the  leaves  are  from  .3  to  .6  m.  long,  20  to  30 
mm.  wide,  and,  as  would  scarcely  be  inferred  from  herba- 
rium material,  decidedly  concave  up  to  the  very  slender 
pungent  terete  point ;  both  surfaces  are  closely  ridged  and 
often  minutely  roughened,  and  the  bright  yellow  margin, 
though  occasionally  nearly  smooth,  is  usually  finely  den- 
ticulate, so  as  to  possess  a  keen  cutting  power.  Though,  as 
has  been  said,  the  plant  forms  a  low  tree  when  developed, 
a  few  specimens  have  been  seen  bearing  panicles  when  still 
practically  acaulescent,  as  is  also  true  of  Y.  radiosa  about 
El  Paso.  The  panicles  are  loosely  branched  shortly  above 
the  crown  of  leaves,  and  the  very  hard  oblong  capsules, 
about  50  mm.  long  and  25  mm.  in  diameter,  are  parted 
about  to  the  middle  into  3  valves  which  are  conspicuously 
flattened  or  even  concave  on  the  back,  and  with  short  out- 
curved  apical  points,  and  the  inner  or  placental  dehiscence 
is  very  narrow,  so  that  the  small  thin  black  seeds  escape 
only  when  jarred  out  edgewise. 

Dr.  Engeimann  would  doubtless  have  given  specific  rank 
to  this  tree,  had  he  not  misapprehended  its  relation  in  size 
and  field  appearance  to  the  typical  acaulescent  often  twisted- 
leaved  Y.  rupicola,  which,  in  contrast  with  it,  he  called 
variety  tortifolia.  The  foliage  and  capsular  characters 
added  above  leave  no  room  for  question  as  to  its  specific 
distinctness  from  the  latter. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  67 

Y.  X  rigida  Deleuil,  described  by  M.  Andre*,*  is  a  garden 
hybrid  obtained  from  Y.  gloriosa  fertilized  by  Y.  cornuta 
(which  is  considered  to  be  a  synonym  of  Y.  Treculeana), 
and,  as  the  name  rigida,  being  preoccupied,  cannot  be  re- 
tained for  it,  it  may  be  named,  after  its  originator,  Y.  X 
Deleuili,  in  case,  as  seems  desirable  for  convenience  of 
reference,  it  and  other  hybrids  are  to  be  designated  by 
binomials. 

Y.  RUPICOLA  Scheele,  Linnaea.  23:143.  (1850).  —  Le- 
maire,  111.  Hort.  13:  96.  — Baker,  Gard.  Chron. 
1870:  828.  — Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis. 
3:  48.  — Garden.  1:  161.  — Watson,  Proc.  Amer. 
Acad.  14  :  253.  —  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  : 
222.  — Coulter,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb.  2  :  436.  — 
Bot.  Mag.  iii.  47.pl.  7172.  —  Reverchon,  Gard.  & 
Forest.  6:  64. —  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  163. 
pi.  51. 

Y.  rupicola  tortifolia  Eugelmann,  1.  c. 

Y.  lutescens  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1858  :  579. 

Y.  tortilis  Hort. 

Y.  contorta  Hort. 

Acaulescent.  Leaves  glaucous,  pungent,  firm  or  flaccidly  spreading, 
often  twisted,  .3  to  .5  m.  long,  25  to  30  mm.  wide,  the  yellowish  finely 
denticulate  margin  soon  turning  brown.  Inflorescence  glabrous,  panicled 
mostly  above  the  leaves.  Flowers  white  or  greenish:  style  white  or 
greenish,  oblong,  often  3-sided.  Capsule  thin-walled,  with  flat  or  con- 
cave mucronate  valves :  seeds  rather  dull,  5  to  6  X  7  to  9  mm.  —  Plates 
37-39.  84,  f.  2. 

South-central  Texas,  from  Tarrant  County  southwest- 
ward  to  and  probably  across  the  boundary. — Plate  93,  f.  2. 

One  of  the  early  discoveries  of  Lindheimer  (1845),  and 
Tre'cul  (1848-9),  sufficiently  distinct  from  all  of  its  con- 
geners. Dr.  Engelmann  designated  it  as  a.  tortifolia,  to 
distinguish  it  from  his  /3.  rigida,  spoken  of  above,  with  the 
statement  that  it  is  cultivated  under  the  two  garden  names 
given  in  the  synonymy. 


*  Revue  Horticole.  55:  110.  (1883).  67:  81.  (1895). 


(J8  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

In  speaking  of  Y.  rupicola  and  what  he  called  its 
variety  rigida,  Dr.  Engelmann*  refers  to  intermediate 
specimens  collected  by  Wright  in  "  Eastern  New  Mexico  " 
(no.  1909).  The  leaves  of  this  number  in  the  Torrey 
herbarium  (Plate  37),  it  is  true,  are  very  hard  to  distinguish 
from  narrower  herbarium  leaves  of  Y.  rigida,  but  the  cor- 
responding sheet  in  the  Gray  herbarium  (Plate  38}  clearly 
represents  a  crown  of  the  acaulescent  Y.  rupicola  with 
inner  leaves,  —  narrower  and  less  twisted  than  the  outer 
leaves  probably  were.  A  similar  intermediate  specimen  in 
the  Engelmann  herbarium,  collected  by  Wright  in  April  or 
May  1850,  on  "  Hills  of  the  Blanco  "  is  from  the  region  of 
and  accompanied  by  unmistakable,  though  detached,  leaves 
of  Y.  rupicola  j  to  which  I  should  refer  all  of  these  speci- 
mens. 

22.  Capsule  attenuate-beaked,  with  round-backed  valves. 

Y.  rostrata  Engelmann,  in  herb. 

Of  the  aspect  of  T.  radiosa.  Caulescent,  at  length  3  m.  high,  simple 
or  short-branched  at  the  crown.  Leaves  very  numerous,  rigidly  diver- 
gent, scarcely  10  mm.  wide,  a  little  glaucous,  flat  or  biconvex,  striate, 
thin,  very  pungent,  the  yellow  margin  minutely  denticulate.  Inflores- 
cence ample,  with  subincluded  base  or  mostly  exserted,  glabrous.  Flowers 
white,  umbonate  at  base :  style  white,  attenuate.  Capsule  oblong-ovoid, 
thick-walled,  with  convex  valves  long-attenuate  and  spreading  above: 
seeds  rather  dull,  4  to  5X  6  to  7  mm.  — Plates  36,  f.  2.  40-42.  84,  f.  3. 

Northern  Mexico,  from  northern  Chihuahua  to  the 
Sabinas  valley  in  eastern  Coahuila.  —  Plate  93,  f.  2. 

In  1852,  Dr.  Bigelow,  of  the  boundary  survey,  collected 
a  Yucca  with  narrow  denticulate  leaves,  somewhat  resem- 
bling ]T.  rigida,  at  Bufatillo,  said  to  be  in  a  volcanic  moun- 
tainous region  near  Presidio  del  Norte,  and  what  may  pos- 
sibly have  been  the  same  thing  on  sand  hills  thirty  miles 
below  San  Elizario,  —  both  along  the  Rio  Grande,  —  and 
on  gravelly  hills  at  Los  Moros.  In  August,  1880,  Dr. 
Edward  Palmer  collected  leaves,  capsules,  and  seeds  of  ap- 

*  Trans.  Acad  Sci.  St.  Louis.  3 :  50. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  69 

parently  the  same  thing  at  Monclova,  in  the  State  of  Coa- 
huila.  To  these  latter,  Dr.  Engelmann  attached  the  manu- 
script name  Y.  rostrata,  descriptive  of  the  long-attenuate 
apex  of  the  fruit. 

While  passing  between  Eagle  Pass  and  Monterey,  in 
company  with  Professor  Sargent  and  Mr.  Canby,  in  March 
1900,  my  attention  was  attracted  by  a  narrow-leaved 
Yucca  that  was  cultivated  at  C.  P.  Diaz  and  in  station 
yards  along  the  Mexican  International  railroad,  and  that 
was  found  forming  a  natural  low  forest  about  Peyotes,  on 
the  water-shed  between  the  Rio  Grande  and  Sabinas,  where, 
on  subsequent  visits,  in  April  and  August,  I  was  able  to 
study  it  in  detail. 

Among  Yuccas  this  is  conspicuously  loosely  rooted  in  the 
soil,  so  that  large  plants  are  easily  removed.  The  trunks 
vary  in  height  from  about  .3  m.  to  an  observed  maximum 
of  about  3m.,  the  usual  height  being  about  2m.,  and  the 
wood  is  extremely  soft  and  spongy.  When  the  old 
leaves  are  removed,  the  diameter  of  the  stem  is  usually  .15 
or  .2  m.,  and  it  is  not  dilated  except  where  the  roots  start 
from  the  base.  Older  plants  are  sometimes  branched  at  the 
top,  but  the  branches  remain  short,  so  that  these  trees 
usually  possess  several  subapical  crowns  of  leaves,  rather 
than  a  series  of  separated  elongated  branches,  like  those 
of  many  other  arborescent  species. 

The  leaves  are  very  numerous,  radiating  in  every  direc- 
tion from  the  top  of  the  stem  in  an  oblong  or  usually  nearly 
globose  crown  some  1.25  to  2  m.  in  diameter,  and,  although 
thin,  they  are  sufficiently  rigid  rarely  to  become  arched  from 
their  own  weight,  as  they  are  in  the  species  of  N^olina,  like 
JW.  longi folia,  with  similar  foliage.  They  are  flattened  or  a 
little  biconvex,  quickly  contracted  from  a  broad  base  and  then 
very  narrowly  lanceolate,  measuring  about  6  mm.  at  the  nar- 
rowest point  and  12  mm.  at  the  widest,  which  is  about  one- 
third  their  length  below  the  grooved,  acute,  pungent  apex. 
They  are  somewhat  glaucous,  occasionally  slightly  twisted 


70  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

and  striately  veined,  and  with  a  very  narrow  bright  yellow 
horny  margin  that  bears  numerous  very  minute  teeth,  like 
those  of  Y.  rupicolaand  Y.  rigida.  The  old  leaves,  closely 
reflexed  against  the  stem,  persist  for  many  years  as  a  straw- 
colored  thatch-like  covering,  and  the  denuded  lower  stem 
is  lozenge-marked  by  the  leaf-scars  and  does  not  develop  a 
thick  bark. 

The  glabrous  panicle  ranges  from  .5m.  long  to  more  than 
twice  that  length,  and  is  raised  on  a  stalk  30  to  50mm. 
thick,  which,  though  sometimes  barely  protruding  from  the 
leaves,  is  more  commonly  exserted  for  a  length  about  equal 
to  that  of  the  branched  part,  and  is  sparingly  bracteate,  the 
narrow  green  lower  bracts  gradually  passing  into  the  dingy 
floral  bracts.  The  common  outline  of  the  flower-cluster  is 
attenuate-ovoid,  but  not  infrequently  the  lower  part  of  the 
cluster,  like  the  top,  is  unbranched,  the  uppermost  and 
lowest  flowers  then  standing  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts  of 
the  main  stem. 

The  rather  large  waxen  pendent  white  flowers,  which  are 
very  rarely  somewhat  purple-tinged,  expand  from  50  to  75 
mm.  They  are  slightly  umbonate  at  base,  on  short  curved 
pedicels  which  rarely  reach  their  own  length.  The  segments 
of  the  perianth  are  lance-obovate,  the  inner  whorl  somewhat 
crenulate,  and  the  outer  narrower,  thicker  and  subentire. 
The  stamens,  which  are  somewhat  clavately  thickened  and 
spreading  near  the  top,  are  coarsely  papillate-pubescent, 
as  in  other  species  of  the  genus.  The  narrowly  oblong 
conical  ovary  is  green,  and  the  attenuate  white  style  con- 
siderably surpasses  the  stamens  and  ends  in  three  slightly 
notched  lobes. 

The  erect  or  suberect  very  firm-walled  capsule,  measur- 
ing about  25  X  50  mm.,  is  oblong-acuminate  with  the  atten- 
uate upper  third  of  the  convex  carpels  somewhat  spreading 
in  dehiscence,  and  is  raised  on  a  concavely  obconical  base, 
corresponding  to  that  noted  for  the  flowers,  from  the  top  of 
which  remnants  of  the  withered  perianth  commonly  de- 


THE   YUCCEAE.  71 

pend.     The   seeds  are  black,  thin,   margined,  and  rather 
small. 

Of  somewhat  the  aspect  of  Y.  radiosa,  but  with  more 
rigid  and  denticulate  not  filiferous  leaves,  this  species  rivals 
in  gracefulness  of  habit  the  Nolinas  of  Mexico  and  the 
grass-trees  (Xanthorrhoea)  of  the  South  Sea,  both  of  which 
it  far  surpasses  in  beauty  of  inflorescence,  and  it  should 
prove  a  desirable  addition  to  regions  like  California,  Madeira 
and  the  Mediterranean  countries,  where  it  will  prove  hardy, 
and  to  some  of  the  gardens  of  which  I  have  been  able  to 
send  viable  seed. 

AA.  Fruit  indehiscent  (so  far  as  known). 

B.  Fruit  soon  drying,  erect,  spreading  or  pendent.  Seeds  thin,  flat, 
slightly  margined:  albumen  not  ruminated  (but  surface  of  seed  often 
somewhat  grooved).  —  §  Heteroyucca. 

1.  Leaves  finely  denticulate,  softly  green-pointed.     Large  tree. 

Y.  GIGANTEA  Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  6.  Misc.  91.  (Nov.  1859). 
13:92.  — Rev.  Hort.  I860 :  222.  —  Engelmann, Trans. 
Acad.  St.  Louis.  3 :  212.  —  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  187O: 
1184.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  224.  —  Hemsley, 
Garden.  8:  134.  — Trelease,  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard. 
9:141.  pi.  40-42. 

At  length  a  rough-barked  branching  tree  10  m.  or  more  high.  Leaves 
rigidly  spreading  or  somewhat  flexuous,  green,  glossy,  plicate,  with  soft 
green  tip,  over  1  m.  long  and  often  100  mm.  wide,  scabrid  margined.  In- 
florescence compact,  close  to  the  leaves.  Flowers  resembling  those  of 
Y.  gloriosa.  Fruit  apparently  soon  drying. 

This  species,  if  more  than  a  form  of  Y.  elephantipes,  was 
first  described  from  young  specimens  cultivated  in  European 
gardens,  and  again,  in  mature  form,  from  a  large  tree  cul- 
tivated in  the  Azores.  It  does  not  appear  to  be  known  in 
a  state  of  nature.  In  habit  and  foliage,  except  for  larger 
dimensions,  it  resembles  Y.  elephantipes,  but  if  the  notes 
on  the  spontaneous  Azorean  fruit  are  accurate,  possesses 
fruit  comparable  with  that  of  Y.  gloriosa,  and  it  may  be  a 
hybrid,  Y.  elephantipes  being  doubtless  one  parent,  in  this 
x;ase ;  but  it  is  very  doubtful  as  anything  but  a  form  of  Y. 
elephantipes. 


72  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

11.  Leaves  'at     most    sparingly    denticulate  or  flliferous,  pungent. 
Lower  plants. 

2.  Leaves  broad,  rigidly  ascending  or  spreading. 

Y/ GLORIOSA  Linnaeus,  Sp.  PL  319.  (1753).  — Walter,  FL 

'Carol.  124.  — Michaux,  Fl.  1 :196.  — Duhamel,  Arbres 

et   Arbustes.  3.   pi.  35. — Bryant,  Flora  Diaetetica. 

.16.  — Pursh,  Fl.  1:228.— Elliott,  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga. 

1 :  400.  —Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  187O  :  1184.  — Engel- 

'mann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.   Louis.  3:38,  211,    213. — 

Koch,  Dendrologie.  22:343. — Carriere,   Rev.    Hort. 

49:287.    /.   48. — Watson,      Proc.     Amer.    Acad. 

J14 :  251.  — Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  225.  — 

.Sargent,  Silva.  1O:23.^Z.  503.—  Gard.  Chron.  iii. 

'28  :  262.  /.  77.  —  Garden.  49  :  218.  /. 

(Y.  acuminata   Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.    2.  pi.   195.    (1827).  —  Bommer, 

\Journ.    d'Hort.     Prat.    1859 : 42.  —  Lemaire,    111.   Hort.    13:95.— 

Baker,   Gard.  Chron.   1870:1123.     Ref.   Bot.   5.  pi.  316.  —  Engel- 

mann,    Trans.    Acad.    St.   Louis.  3  :  40. —  Garden.   8:133. — Gard. 

Chron.  n.  s.  4:110. 

Y.  gloriosa  acuminata  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1868  : 157.  —Baker,  Journ. 

Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  226. 
Y.  integerrima  Stokes,  Bot.  Mat.  Med.  2  : 267.  (1812). 

~*Yuca,  sive  lucca  Perana.    Gerarde,  Herball.  1359. /.  (1597). 
Yuca  foliis  Aloes.    Bauhin,  Pinax.  91.  (1623,  1671).  —  Morison,  Plant. 

Hist.   2:419.    Sect.  4.  pi.  23.  (1680).  — Pontedera,  Anthologia.  295. 

pi.  6.f.  n.  (1720). 

Yuca  sive  lucca.    Parkinson,  Paradisus  Terrestris.  434.  /.  (1629). 
Yucca,   sive    lucca  Peruana.    Johnson  in  Gerarde,   Herball.    1543.  /. 
,    (1636).— Raius,  Hist.  Plant.  2:  1201.  (1688). 
Juca  gloriosa.    Hunting,,  Waare  Oeff.  der  PI.  471.  pi.  (1682).  — Naauw- 

keur.  Beschryv.  der  Aardgew.  663.  (1696.) 
Yucca;    foliis  Aloes.     Boerhaave,    Index  Alter  PI.    Hort.  Lugd.-Bat. 

2:132.  (1720,  1727). 
Cordyline  foliis  pungentibus  integerrimis.    Van  Royen,  Fl.  Leyd.  Prod. 

22.  (1740). 
Yucca  foliis  margine  integerrimis.    Linnaeus,  Hort.  Cliff.   130. (1737) 

Hort.  Ups.  88.  (1748). 

Shortly  caulescent  and  cespitose  or  the  trunk  3  to  5  m.  high  and  with 
several  branches.  Leaves  slightly  glaucous  when  young,  smooth  or  the 
dorsal  lines  roughened,  rather  thin  but  rigid,  often  concave  near  the  in- 
rolled  purfgent  usually  dark  apex,  about  .5  m.  long  and  50  mm.  wide,  the 


THE    YUCCEAE.  73 

usually  brown  margin  at  first  with  a  very  few  distant  rarely  persistent 
minute  teeth,  when  developed  entire  or  occasionally  with  a  few  detach- 
ing slender  fibers.  Inflorescence  mostly  narrowly  paniculate,  the  base 
often  not  exserted,  glabrous  or  exceptionally  puberulent.  Flowers 
creamy  white,  often  tinged  with  red  or  violet :  ovary  often  with  a  slight 
suggestion  of  basal  stipe;  style  oblong,  white,  frequently  3-divided. 
Fruit  obovoid-oblong,  mostly  pendent,  with  six  prominent  ridges,  the 
thin  exocarp  soon  drying  about  the  core :  seeds  glossy,  5  to  6  X  6  to  7 
mm.,  slightly  grooved  as  if  the  albumen  were  ruminated. —  Plates  43-46. 
80,  f.  4. 

Coast  and  "  sea  islands,"  from  South  Carolina  to  north- 
eastern Florida,  on  the  sand  dunes.  Generally  planted  and 
in  places  escaping,  in  the  eastern  Gulf  region. — Plate  94, 

f-1- 

The  typical  form  and  what  is  called  here  variety  plicata 
are  the  only  spontaneous  forms  of  this  species  of  which  I 
have  knowledge.  It  has  been  in  cultivation  since  1596 
(Gerarde,  Herball,  1359. /.),  and  to-day  is  represented  by 
a  considerable  number  of  garden  forms,  several  of  them 
hardy  further  North  than  any  other  species  except  Y.  flac- 
cida,  Y.  filamentosa,  and  Y.  glauca.  Some  of  these 
approach  the  following  two  species  while  others,  scarcely 
presenting  mature  characters,  are  but  tentatively  placed 
anywhere;  and  a  number  of  imperfectly  described  gar- 
den hybrids  add  to  the  difficulty  of  properly  understand- 
ing Y.  gloriosa.  The  following  key,  including  these  hy- 
brids, may  serve  for  the  naming  of  the  forms :  — 

Leaves  not  or  little  plicate,  usually  concave  only  toward  the  end. 
Leaves  rigidly  spreading. 

From  slightly  glaucous  becoming  green,  A  to  .8  m.  long,  40  to 
50  mm.  wide.  Y.  gloriosa. 

Dwarf  and  smaller-leaved.  f .  minor. 

More  persistently  glaucous. 

Somewhat  falcate.  f.  obliqua. 

With  whitish  median  variegation.  f.  medio-striata. 

Outer  leaves  somewhat  recurving. 

Leaves  but  transiently  glaucous.  var.  robusta. 

Persistently  glaucous.  f.  nobilis. 

Leaves  narrower.  f .  longifolia. 


74  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

Leaves  conspicuously  plicate  toward  the  end,  mostly  very  concave,  not 

recurved. 

Rather  persistently  glaucous.  var.  plicata. 

Tall  (1.5  to  3  m.)  Leaves  at  last  greener.  f.  superba. 

Leaves  dark  green,  persistently  denticulate.  f.  maculata. 

Leaves  purplish.  Y.  X  DeleuiU. 

Leaves  greener,  very  broad.  Y.  X  sulcata. 

Leaves  olive-green,  scarcely  pungent.  T.  X  Carrierei. 

Y.  GLORIOSA  Linnaeus. 
Synonymy  as  above. 

Acaulescent  or  not  tall.  Leaves  broad,  entire,  green,  neither  recurved 
nor  plicate,  plane  or  very  openly  concave.  — Plates  43.  44. 

The  most  common  form  of  the  Sea  Islands  of  South 
Carolina  and  Georgia. 

Y.  GLORIOSA  MINOR  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1860:361. — 
Truffaut,  Rev.  Hort.  1869:474. — Baker,  Ref .  Bot. 
5.  pi.  319.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  225. 

?  T.  acuminata  Garden.  27  :266.  /. 

T.  rubra  Hort. 

A  garden  form,  smaller  in  every  way.  — Plate  45. 

Y.  GLORIOSA   OBLIQUA   (Haworth)    Baker,    Gard.    Chron. 

187O  :  1184.    Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  225. 
T.  obliqua  Haworth,  Syn.  PL  Succ.  69.  (1812).  — Lemaire,  111.  Hort. 
13:95. —Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  :  40.  —  Koch,  Den- 
drol.  22:345. 

A  form  with  glaucous  leaves  somewhat  twisted  to  one  side. 

Y.  GLORIOSA  MEDIO-STRIATA  Planchon,  Fl.  des  Serres.  23. 
pi.  23 93-4.  (1880).  —  Gard.  Chron.  n.  s.  13:  716.  — 
Belg.  Hort.  31 :  36.  —  Wiener  111.  Gart.-Zeit.  6  : 156.' 

Y.  gloriosa  medio-picta  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1880  :  259. 
A  garden  sport  with  a  median  whitish  stripe  on  the  leaves. 

Y.  GLORIOSA  ROBUSTA  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1868.  158. 

?  T.  acutifolia  Truffaut,  Rev.  Hort.  1869  : 320.  —Belg.  Hort.  1870 :  24. 
Y.  gloriosa  recurvata  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870:  1184. 
Y.  gloriosa  Gawler,  Bot.  Mag.  31.  pi.  1260.  —  Redoute,  Liliacees.  6. 
pi.  326-7. 


THE   TUCCEAE.  75 

Intermediate  between  Y.  gloriosa  and  T.  recurmfolia,  with  the  outer- 
most of  the  evanescently  glaucous  usually  slightly  plicate  leaves  somewhat 
stiffly  recurved. 

Y.  GLORIOSA  NOBILIS  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  I860 :  360. 1868 : 
157. 

T.  Ellacombei  Baker,  Ref.  Bot.  5.  pi.  317.  (1872).  — Engelmann, 
Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3:41.  — Garden.  4:356.  8:134,  147.  16: 
196,  214,  216,  236,  257,  285.  — Gard.  Chron.  iii.  2:  111. 

Y.  gloriosa  Ellacombei  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:226.  (1880). 

Y.  gloriosa  Gardening  111.  22:  155.  /. 

Leaves  scarcely  plicate,  glaucous,  the  outer  recurved,  sometimes 
twisted  to  one  side. 

An  intermediate  form,  differing  from  f .  robusta  in  its 
more  persistently  glaucous  leaves.  M.  Carriere  (Eev. 
Hort.  I860:  361)  recognizes  a  sub-variety  parviflora  of 
this  variety. 

Y.  GLORIOSA  LONGIFOLIA  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1862 : 234. 

J.  longifolia  Hort.  in  part. 

r.  glaucescens    Eev.    Hort.   1 : 266.    2 :  111.  —  Baker,    Kew     Bull. 

1892:8. 
Y.  gloriosa   glaucescens    Carriere,    Rev.    Hort.    1860:360.  —  Baker, 

Gard.  Chron.  1870:1184. 
?  F.  Brasiliensis  Baker,  Kew    Bull.  1892  :  8. 

Scarcely  differs  from  var.  noUlis  except  in  its  leaves  when  young 
being  narrower,  though  in  age  they  are  said  to  reach  a  width  of  75  mm. 

Y.  GLOEIOSA  PLICATA  Carriere,  Re v.  Hort.  1860:359. — 
Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3:39,  40. — 
Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  225. 

Y.  gloriosa  Maund,  Bot.  Gard.  3.  no.  2 8 6.  —  Elliott,  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga. 

1 :  400.  —  Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13  : 94.  —  Garden.  81 : 16 1.  /.    45 : 45. 

/.    49 : 332.  /.  —  Gard.  Chron.  n.  s.  19  :  820.  /.  157.     iii.  8 : 692.  /. 

136.  iii.  15:304.  pi.  —  Amer.  Florist.  8:61.  /.— Rept.  Mo.  Bot. 

Gard.  3.  pi.  6.  —  Gardiner,  Journ.  of  Hort.  62:487.  f.  126. 
Y.  plicata  Hort. 
r.  plicata  glauca  Hort. 
Y.  plicatilis  Hort. 
Y.  glauca  Hort.,  in  part. 

Differs  from  the  type  in  having  the  more  permanently  glaucous  usually 
shorter  and  hence  relatively  broader  concave  leaves  evidently  plicate  to- 
ward the  apex. 


76  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

"  Sea  islands  "  of  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  with  the 
type. 

Y.  GLORIOSA  SUPERBA  (Haworth)  Baker,  Gard.  Chron. 
1870 : 1184.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  225.  —Ella- 
combe,  Garden.  8:147. 

T.  superba    Haworth,  Suppl.   36.   (1819).  — Bot.    Register.   20.    pi.. 
1 690.  —  Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13  : 94.  —  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St. 
Louis.  3:41.— Ellacombe,  Gard.  Chron.  iii.  2:111. 
r.  gloriosa  Gard.  Chron.  n.  s.  12:  500,  688.  /.  118.  —Kept.  Mo.  Bot. 
Gard.  8.  pi.  7.  —  Garden.  33  :  202.  /.    58 : 446.  /. 

A  cultivated  form  of  var.  plicata,  becoming  3  or  4  m.  high,  with  greener 
leaves.—  Plates  46  J.I.  84,  f.  4. 

Y.  GLORIOSA  MACULATA  Carriere,  Kev.  Hort.  1859 : 389, 
430.  —  Koch,  Dendrol.  22:345. 

A  low  garden  form,  with  the  plicate  dark  green  leaves  persistently  a 
little  roughened  on  the  margin :  the  varietal  name  referring  to  a  mottled 
variation  of  the  usual  red  tinging  of  the  flowers. 

22.  Leaves  more  elongated,  recurved. 

Y.  RECURVIFOLIA  Salisbury,  Parad.  Lond.  pi.  31.  (1806). — 

Nuttall,  Gen.  1 :  218.  —  Pursh,  Fl.  1 :  228.  —Elliott, 

Bot.     S.    C.    &   Ga.    1:401.— Lemaire,    111.    Hort. 

13:94.— Curtis,    Bot.  N.  Car.  56. —Baker,  Gard. 

Chron.  1870:1184.    Ref.  Bot.  5.pL  321.— Hemsley, 

Garden.  8  : 133,  136.  /.—  Koch,  Dendrol.  22 :  344.  — 

Gardiner,  Journ.  of  Hort.  42  :  246. /. 
1".  gloriosa  recurvifolia  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3 :  39,  40. 

(1873).  — Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  225. —Amer.  Garden. 

11:  661,  666. /. 
T.recurva  Haworth,  Syn.  PI.  Succ.  69.  (1812).  — Gard.  Chron.  n.  s. 

18  : 689.  —  Garden.  16 :  528.    47  :  337.  /.  —  Gardening  111.  18  :  230.  /. 

22 : 485.  /. 

r.  obliqua  Regel,  Gartenflora.  8  :  36.    17  :  161.  pL  580. 
r.  pendula  Greenland,  Rev.  Hort.  1858  :  433.  /.  128.  —  Carriere,  Rev. 

Hort.   1859:488. /.   104.  —  Annales  d'Hort.  et   de  Bot.  2:93.— 

Baker,  Kew  Bull.  1892  : 8.  —  Garden.  1 :  238.  /. 
J.   gloriosa  Riddell,  N.  O.  Med  &   Surg.   Journ.  8 : 763.  —  Lloyd  & 

Tracy,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Cl.  28:  71,  91. 
r.  gloriosa  mollis   Carriere,  Rev.    Hort.    1860: 362. —Baker,   Gard. 

Chron.  1870:1184. 


THE   YUCCEAE.  77 

Y.  gloriosa  planifolia  Engelm.  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  : 39,  41. (1873). 
Y.  filamentosa  variegata  Park  &  Cemetery.  11 ;  184. /. 
Y.  variafolia  Garden.  16:257. 

Shortly  caulescent,  branching.  Leaves  at  first  somewhat  glaucous, 
nearly  plane,  long,  flexible,  recurved,  about  50  mm.  wide,  often  slightly 
plicate  above,  narrowly  yellow-  or  brown-margined,  often  with  a  very 
few  microscopic  teeth,  at  length  entire  or  slightly  flliferous.  Panicle 
narrow,  the  scape  often  included.  Styles  shouldered.  Fruit  erect, 
oblong,  with  6  winged  ribs  mostly  infolded  over  the  nectarial  grooves : 
seeds  rather  dull,  6  to  7X  7  to  8  w&->  the  surface  less  grooved.  —  Plates 
46.  47.  84,  f.  5. 

*«  Sea  islands  "  and  adjacent  coast  of  Georgia,  and  on 
Dauphin,  Ship  and  Breton  islands,  between  the  mouth  of 
the  Mobile  and  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  river.  —  Plate 
94,  f.  2. 

This  species  appears  to  have  been  in  cultivation  since 
1794,  and,  like  the  preceding,  is  represented  by  many  gar- 
den varieties,  among  which  some  of  the  described  hybrids 
already  referred  to  are  placed  in  the  following  key :  — 

Leaves  neither  variegated  nor  very  broadly  margined.         Y.  recurvifolia. 

Bracts  blackish-  or  purplish-brown.  f.  tristis. 

Leaves  dark  green,  75  mm.  broad.  Y.  X  Andreana. 

Leaves  with  conspicuous  brown  margin.  f.  rufocincta, 
Leaves  variegated. 

With  broad  yellow  margin.  f.  marginata. 

With  median  yellow  band.  f .  variegata. 

With  median  reddish  stripe.  f.  elegans. 

Short  and  broad  with  pale  or  purplish  stripes.  Y.  X  dracaenoides. 

Y.  KECURVIFOLIA  Salisbury. 

Synonymy  as  above. 

Leaves  soon  becoming  dark  green,  greatly  elongated,  very  much 
recurved.—  Plates  46,  f.  2.  47, f.  1.  84,  f.  5. 

The  usual  wild  form. 

Y.  recurvifolia  tristis  (Carriere)  Trelease. 

Y.  gloriosa  tristis  Carrifere,  Rev.  Hort.  1860 :  303.  —  Koch,  Dendrol. 

22 : 345. 
A  form  with  blackish-purple  bracts. 


78  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

Y.  RECURVIFOLIA  RUFOCiNCTA  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  187O  : 
1184. 

T.  rufocincta  Haworth,  Suppl.  37.  (1819).—  Regel,  Gartenflora.  8:  37.  — 
Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13 :  95.  —  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis. 
3:41. 

Y.  gloriosa  rufocincta  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:225.  (1880). 

A  low  form  with  rather  pronounced  accentuation  of  the  reddish- 
brown  margin. 

Y.  recurvifolia  marginata  ( Carriers)  Trelease. 
Y.  gloriosa  marginata  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1880:  259. 
T.  gloriosa  marginata  aurea  Carrifcre,  1.  c.  260. 
Y.  gloriosa  elegans  marginata  Gard.  Chron.  n.  s.  10:667.  (1878). — 

Wiener  111.  Gart.-Zeit.  5  :  76. 
Leaves  bordered  with  yellow,  and  often  also  rosy  tinted.    Gardens. 

Y.  recurvifolia  variegata  (Carriere)  Trelease. 
Y.  pendula  variegata  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1875  :  400. 
Y.  gloriosa  variegata  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1880 : 260.  —  Gard.  Chron. 

1873:6.   iii.  6  :  276,  305. 

Y.  pendula  aurea  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1877  :  249.  1879  :  404. 
?  Y.  recurva  elegantissima,  Wiener  111.  Gart.-Zeit.  5  :  460.  (1880). 
?  Y.  glaucescens  variegata  Hort. 

A  garden  sport  with  median  yellow  stripe. 

Y.  recurvifolia  elegans  Trelease. 

Y.  gloriosa  elegans  variegata.  Belg.  Hort.   1880:63.  —  Gard.    Chron. 

n.  s.  16:439. 

r.  gloriosa  variegata  Belg.  Hort.  1884 :  33. 
Y.  gloriosa  recurvifolia,  fol.  var.  Rodigas,  111.  Hort.  30: 13.  pi.  475. 

(1883). 

Differs  in  having  the  median  stripe  reddish. 

Y.  FLEXILIS  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1859:398. /.  89. — 
Horticulturist.  14  : 548.  /.  — Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13  : 
97. — Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870:1183.  Journ.  Linn. 
Soc.  Bot.  18:224. — Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St. 
Louis.  3  :  41 — Koch,  Dendrol.  22 :  345.  — Hemsley, 
Garden.  8:129,  134. /. 
Y.  Mexicana  Hort.,  in  part. 

Shortly  caulescent.    Leaves  mostly  transiently  glaucous,  nearly  plane, 
long,  narrow  (20  to  40  mm.),  little  if  at  all  plicate,  occasionally  a  little 


THE    YUCCEAE.  79 

persistently  denticulate  or  filiferous,  flexible,  at  least  the  outer  recurved. 
Panicle  loose,  exserted  on  a  long  scape.  Style  somewhat  shouldered. 
Fruit  unknown. 

A  many-formed  plant,  apparently  known  only  in  gar- 
dens. — Plate  47,  f.  2. 

The  principal  forms  and  the  comparable  named  hybrids 
may  be  separated  as  follows :  — 

Leaves  plane  or  little  concave,  bright  glossy  green,  recurved.  T.  flexilis. 

Taller  (1  or  2  m.).  Leaves  pale  green.  .  f.  ensifolia. 

Leaves  somewhat  falcate.  f.  tortulata. 

Leaves  evidently  flliferous  in  age.  f.  Hildrethi. 

Leaves  glaucous,  little  recurved.  f.  patens. 
Leaves  concave,  pale  green. 

Outer  leaves  recurved.  f.  semicylindrica. 

Leaves  all  strict.  f .  Peacockii. 

Leaves  scarcely  pungent.  f .  Soerhaavii. 

Leaves  pale-striate,  flliferous.  T.  X  striatula. 

The  following  garden  hybrids,  with  flexible  leaves  less 
than  25  mm.  wide,  might  be  sought  here :  — 

Leaves  flat,  entire. 

?  J.  X  Massiliensis. 

?  r.  X  ensifera. 

Leaves  flat,  often  denticulate.  T.  X  laevigata. 

Leaves  very  concave.  T.  y^juncea. 

Y.  FLEXILIS  Carriere. 
Synonymy  as  above. 

Dwarf.  Leaves  long  and  narrow,  loosely  recurved,  bright  glossy 
green. 

Known  only  in  gardens,  where,  according  to  M.  Carriere, 
it  is  sometimes  erroneously  called  Y.  acuminata,  Y.  sten- 
ophylla,  Y.  longi folia,  and  Y.  angusti folia.  It  is  also  in 
part  the  Y.  gloriosa  of  gardens. 

Y.  flexilis  Peacockii  (Baker)  Trelease. 

F.  Peacockii  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18 :  223.  (1880).    Kew 
Bull.  1892:  8.—  Wiener  111.  Gart.-Zeit.  6  :  320.—  Garden.  19:226. 

Scarcely  appears  to  differ  except  in  the  numerous  leaves  being  stricter. 


80  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

Y.  FLEXILIS  ENSIFOLIA  (Greenland)  Baker,  Journ.  Linn. 

Soc.  Bot.  18:  224.  (1880). 

F.  ensifolia  Greenland,  Kev.  Hort.  1859:  433. /.  1 29.—  Baker,  Gard. 
Chron.  1870:  217.     Ref.  Bot.  5.    pi.    318.  —  Engelmann,   Trans. 
Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  :  41.—  Hemsley,  Garden.  8  :  134.  /. 
Y.  Eylesii  Hort. 

Taller  (1  to  1.5  m.)  with  less  recurving,  soon  pale  green,  somewhat 
concave,  entire  leaves. 

Y.  flexilis  Hildrethi  Trelease. 

Differs  from  f .  ensifolia  chiefly  in  having  its  frequently  somewhat  fal- 
cate leaves  usually  finely  flliferous  in  age. —  Plate  41,  f.  2. 

Cultivated,  from  unrecorded  source,  and  escaped,  at  the 
place  of  Mr.  J.  A.  Hildreth,  at  St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  where 
it  is  said  to  bloom  through  the  winter  and  where  the  spec- 
cimen  photographed  was  observed  in  flower  at  the  end  of 
May,  simultaneously  with  Y.  aloifolia,  —  though  it  has 
never  been  known  to  set  fruit. 

Y.  flexilis  tortulata  (Baker)  Trelease. 

Y.  tortulata  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870: 1122. —Engelmann,   Trans. 

Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  : 41.  — Hemsley,  Garden.  8: 133. 
F.  gloriosa  tortulata  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18 : 226.  (1880). 
T.falcata  Garden.  16:369.  (1879). 

Y.  flexilis  falcata  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:224.  (1880). 
T.  undulata  Hort.,  in  part. 

Differs  from  f.  ensifolia  chiefly  in  being  shorter-stemmed  and  with 
the  green  leaves  flatter  and  somewhat  falcate,  and  from  Y.  gloriosa 
minor  in  its  longer  outer  leaves  being  reflexed. 

Y.  FLEXILIS  SEMICYLINDRICA  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot. 

18:224.   (1880). 
F.  semicylindrica  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870: 1217. 

Differs  from  f .  ensifolia  in  its  firm  and  deeply  concave  narrower  leaves 
(less  than  20  mm.  wide). 

Y.  flexilis  Boerhaavii  (Baker)  Trelease. 

r.  Boerhaavii  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870 : 1217.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot. 

18:224.  — Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3:41. 
Chiefly  differs  from  the  preceding  in  its  flat  scarcely  pungent  leaves. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  81 

Y.  flexilis  patens  (Andre)  Trelease. 

T.   patens    Andri,  HI.    Hort.    17:120.   /.    (1870).  —  Gard.     Chron. 

1871:412. 

r.  pruinosa  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870  : 1122.  — Garden  8:  133. 
Y.  gloriosa  pruinosa  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:226.  (1880). 

A  garden  form,  said  to  have  come  from  China,  with  less  arched  glau- 
cous slightly  rough-margined  leaves:  approaching  some  of  the  forms 
•of  r.  gloriosa. 


Y.  gloriosa,  Y.  recurvifolia,  and  Y.  flexilis,  —  the  last 
two  of  which  have  frequently  been  treated  as  forms  or 
varieties  of  the  first-named,  present  a  number  of  interesting 
and  suggestive  peculiarities  when  studied  comparatively. 

Y.  gloriosa  occurs  spontaneously  among  the  sand  dunes 
of  a  restricted  portion  of  the  southeastern  Atlantic  coast, 
where  it  is  often  intimately  associated  with  Y.  aloifolia 
and  one  or  more  forms  of  Y.  filamentosa.  Y.  recurvifolia, 
except  for  one  isolated  group  of  stations,  is  known  from  a 
still  more  limited  part  of  the  same  coast.  Y.  flexilis  is 
known  only  in  gardens,  and  its  source  appears  to  have  been 
as  unknown  to  its  describer  as  it  is  to  those  who  now 
cultivate  it. 

About  these  three  so-called  species,  have  clustered  in 
horticultural  literature  a  considerable  number  of  cultivated 
forms,  sometimes  treated  as  varieties  of  one  or  the  other 
and  sometimes  specifically  named,  all  of  them  entire-leaved 
with  the  exception  that  the  margin  is  more  or  less  persist- 
ently a  little  roughened  or  denticulate  or  a  little  filiferous 
in  several  of  them,  and  all,  so  far  as  I  have  observed  rec- 
ords, flowering  usually  in  late  summer  or  later, —  occas- 
ionally well  on  to  the  end  of  the  season. 

These  forms  are  not  infrequently  aberrant  when  placed, 
from  the  appearance  of  a  character  usually  present  in  some 
other  of  the  three  species  than  the  one  under  which  the 
given  form  goes  on  the  general  assemblage  of  its  characters. 
This  interblending  of  characters  in  some  of  the  variants  of 
plants  so  distinct  in  their  typical  forms  as  Y.  gloriosa,  Y. 

6 


82  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

recurvifolia  and  Y.flexilis  are,  suggests  the  possibility  that 
the  connecting  varieties  may  really  be  of  hybrid  origin. 
Opposed  to  this  supposition,  however,  are  the  absence  of 
any  recorded  history  of  their  source  or  origin ;  the  fact 
that  they  have  appeared  in  cultivation  and  are  classed  with 
plants  likewise  of  garden  origin  or  long  cultivated  and  in 
their  other  forms  giving  evidence  of  considerable  variabil- 
ity ;  and,  particularly,  the  facts  that,  except  for  Y.  aloifolia, 
the  Yuccas  spontaneously  fruit  with  extreme  rarity  away 
from  their  native  home  unless,  as  seems  not  to  be  the  case 
in  European  gardens  where  these  forms  have  made  their 
appearance,  a  moth  (Pronuba  yuccasella}  upon  which  their 
pollination  almost  absolutely  depends  has  been  introduced 
with  them,  and  that  most  persons  who  have  tried  to  fertil- 
ize the  plants  of  this  genus  have  met  with  little  or  no  sus- 
cess.  Still,  suggestion  of  such  hybrid  origin  has  been 
made,*  and  the  most  positive  proof  is  at  hand  that  along 
the  Mediterranean  coast,  at  least,  skilful  operators  can  not 
only  intercross  these  so-called  species  but  can  also  hybrid- 
ize them  reciprocally  with  other  very  distinct  species  both 
of  the  baccate  and  capsular  sections  of  the  genus.  Thus, 
for  instance,  M.  Deleuil,  of  Marseilles,  in  and  subsequent 
to  1874,  crossed  Y.  aloifolia  variegata  and  Y.  alba-spica 
(whatever  that  may  be),  Y.  aloifolia  variegata  5  with  Y. 
pendula  (or  recurvifolia},  Y.  plicata  (or  gloriosa  plicata}  $ 
with  Y.  angustifolia  vera  (or  glauca},  Y.  plicata  §  with  Y. 
X  laevigata  {  =  aloifolia  variegata  X  alba-spica},  Y.  pli- 
catayvfitkY.jilamentosa,  Y.  plicata  $  with  Y.  Treculeana, 
Y.  cornuta  (or  Treculeana}  <j>  with  various  species,  Y. 
aloifolia  variegata  §  with  Y.  angustifolia  vera,  Y.  gloriosa 
longifolia  (or  Y.  flexilis  glaucescens  ?)  $  with  various  spe- 
cies, Y.  X  laevigata  %  with  Y.  filamentosa,  Y.  cornuta  and 

*  Ellacombe,  for  instance,  supposed  the  T.  Ellacombei  of  gardens, 
which  I  take  to  be  synonymous  with  Y.  gloriosa  nobilis,  to  be  a  probable 
cross  between  Y.  recurvifolia  and  the  garden  form  known  as  T.  gloriosa 
euperba.  —  Garden.  16:  257. 


THE   YUCCEAE.  83 

Y.  plicata,  and  Y.  angustifolia  vera$  and  Y.  TreculeanaQ 
with  various  species;  and  I  have  knowledge  that  within 
recent  years  a  very  large  series  of  reciprocal  crosses  have 
been  effected  by  Mr.  Carl  Sprenger  between  these  sub- 
entire-leaved  forms  as  well  as  between  them  and  both 
baccate  and  capsular  species,  and  within  the  latter  groups.* 
In  Texas,  also,  spontaneous  hybrids  between  Y.  rupicola 
and  Y.  Louisianensis  appear  to  occur. 

Everything  considered,  therefore,  the  garden  intermedi- 
ates between  Y.  gloriosa,  Y.  recurvifolia  and  Y.  flexilis 
may  at  least  quite  as  properly  be  looked  on  as  being  the 
probable  results  of  occasional  unrecorded  crossing  between 
these  forms  as  merely  very  aberrant  sports.  Few  of  them 
appear  now  procurable,  but  as  far  as  a  knowledge  of  them 
can  be  obtained  from  the  brief  descriptions,  the  known  hy- 
brids of  M.  Deleuil  are  capable  of  natural  arrangement 
under  one  or  the  other  of  these  so-called  species. 

With  respect  to  the  latter,  themselves,  the  same  line  of 
inquiry  suggests  itself.  The  garden  Y.  flexilis ,  though  in 
its  typical  form  much  narrower-  and  greener-leaved  and  with 
more  elongately  pedunculate  and  lax  panicle,  appears  mor- 
phologically to  represent  only  an  extreme  development  of 
Y.  recurvifolia,  with  which,  except  that  it  lends  itself  read- 
ily to  the  coordination  of  a  number  of  forms  in  this  respect 
comparable  with  those  similarly  grouped  under  Y.  recurvi- 
foUa,  it  would  logically  be  connected.  The  latter  itself 
presents  to  the  eye  a  blending  of  the  characters  of  Y.  glori- 
osa  and  Y.  flaccida,  which  led  one  of  the  best  students  of 
woody  plants,  Koch,t  to  suggest  some  years  since  that  it 
may  be  a  hybrid  between  Y.  gloriosa  and  Y.  Jilamentosa,  — 
under  which  name  he  doubtless  meant  the  recurved-leaved 
plant  here  called  Y.  flaccida.  No  greater  reason  exists  for 

*  On  the  results  reached  by  M.  Deleuil  see  Eevue  Horticole.  52  : 226. 
55 : 109.  58 : 63.  67  : 81.  /.  21-23.  —  Gard.  Chron.  n.  s.  18 : 807. 
t  Dendrol.  22 : 344. 


84  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

the  rejection  of  this  supposition  than  in  case  of  the  similar 
one  that  intermediates  between  IT.  gloriosa,  Y.  recurvi folia 
and  Y.  flexilis  may  be  the  results  of  various  intercrossing, 
since  the  possibility  of  crossing  Y.  gloriosa  and  Y.  flaccida 
has  been  demonstrated  by  some  of  the  experiments  referred 
to  above;  and  M.  Deleuil's  selection  of  150  very  diverse 
seedlings  from  a  single  one  of  his  crosses  gives  reason  to 
suppose  that  on  the  one  hand  a  number  of  different  aber- 
rants  of  these  species  might  have  come  from  even  one  cross 
seeding,  while  on  the  other  hand  several  well  verified  hybridi- 
zations between  Y.  gloriosa  and  Y.  flaccida  might  perhaps 
fail  to  produce  typical  recurwfotia.  The  occurrence  of  the 
latter  along  the  South  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States, 
while  it  suggests  the  spontaneous  hybrid  origin  of  the  typi- 
cal form  of  this  species,  does  not  preclude  the  possibility 
that  the  same  form,  and  particularly  its  aberrant  varieties, 
may  have  originated  by  a  comparable  process  in  gardens, 
where,  in  fact,  they  are  alone  known  at  present. 

Though  Y.  gloriosa  and  Y.  fllamentosa  are  typically 
very  dissimilar  in  aspect  as  well  as  in  technical  characters, 
I  have  seen  side  by  side  on  the  sand  dunes  of  Tybee  Isl- 
and, Georgia,  an  acaulescent  plant  of  the  spontaneous 
variety  plicata  of  the  former  and  a  normal  plant  of  the 
form  of  the  latter  known  as  var.  concava,  so  similar  in 
foliage  appearance  that  it  was  only  on  close  approach  that 
the  thinner  texture  and  freely  filiferous  margin  of  the 
leaves  of  the  latter  served  for  its  recognition,  and  I  should 
be  even  more  disposed  to  believe  Y.  gloriosa  plicata  a 
hybrid  between  Y.  gloriosa  and  Y.  filamentosa  concava 
than  to  accept  the  suggestion  of  Koch  concerning  Y.  re- 
curvifolia. 

As  to  Y.  gloriosa,  I  have  long  thought  that  I  saw  in  its 
characters  somewhat  of  a  blending  of  those  of  Y.  filamentosa 
and  Y.  aloifolia,ihe  leaves  having  something  of  the  firmness 
and  thickness  of  texture  of  the  latter,  and  something  of  the 
thinness  and  concavity  of  the  former  or  its  variety,  with. 


THE    TUCCEAE.  85 

frequent  vestiges  of  the  marginal  characters  of  both ;  while 
in  the  color,  shape  and  texture  of  the  perianth,  the  slight 
stipe  at  base  of  the  ovary,  the  sometimes  rather  short 
shouldered  style,  the  mostly  pendent  indehiscent  fruit  with 
thin  exocarp  drying  about  a  papery  core,  and  the  often 
venously  grooved  if  not  truly  ruminated  seeds,  Y.  gloriosa 
holds  even  more  nearly  the  mean  between  the  two  species 
named. 

The  suggestion  of  a  spontaneous  hybrid  origin  of  Y. 
gloriosa  offered  by  this  blending  in  it  of  the  characters  of 
the  two  other  species  with  which  it  is  most  closely  associ- 
ated, would  be  less  strong  if  Y.  gloriosa  behaved  in  general 
like  a  normal  species  of  the  genus,  if  it  were  of  greater 
geographic  distribution,  or  if  it  occurred  in  places  thor- 
oughly isolated  from  the  assumed  parents. 

As  has  been  said,  though  locally  rather  abundant, 
Y.  gloriosa  as  a  spontaneous  plant  is  limited,  so  far  as  is  now 
known,  to  a  very  restricted  region  about  the  Carolina 
and  Georgia  coast.  It  is,  moreover,  a  very  unusual  species 
in  its  life  processes.  In  the  arid  region  of  the  Mexican 
table-land,  the  Yuccas  are  known  to  be  largely  dependent 
for  their  blooming  season  upon  necessary  rainfall,  so  that 
a  given  species,  though  usually  fairly  regular,  may  bloom 
in  aberrant  years  at  any  time  between  midwinter  and  mid- 
summer, and  the  Pronuba  moth  which  serves  as  pollinator 
appears  to  show  a  similar  susceptibility  to  moisture  in  the 
soil,  and  commonly  emerges  from  the  pupa  state  synchron- 
ously with  the  flowering  of  the  Yuccas.  Y.  gloriosa,  how- 
ever, growing  in  a  region  where  the  other  Yuccas  bloom 
pretty  regularly  during  a  rather  limited  part  of  the 
spring,  when  the  Pronuba  flies,  differs  from  these  species 
in  flowering  usually  in  late  summer  and  autumn,  though 
exceptional  flower  clusters  appear  to  be  developed  at  almost 
any  season  of  the  year,  and  the  only  instances  that  I  cer- 
tainly know  of  in  which  its  fruit  has  been  observed  were 
once  when  early  blooming  plants  cultivated  in  Washington 


gg  MISSOUKI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

bore  fruit,*  once  when  Dr.  Mellichamp  found  fruit  on  a 
plant  which  had  bloomed  simultaneously  with  T.  filamen- 
tosaj  and  a  third  instance  observed  by  me  on  Tybee  Island 
in  May  last,  (Plate  44,  f.  2}  on  a  plant  which  must  have 
bloomed  just  about  as  T '.  filamentosa  was  coming  into 
flower.  The  species,  therefore,  is  all  but  restricted  for  its 
propagation  to  vegetative  methods,  by  which  its  present  dis- 
tribution along  the  sand  dunes  can  fairly  well  be  explained, 
since  the  well-budded  thick  subterranean  shoots  possess 
great  vitality. 

What  has  been  said  of  the  ecology  of  Y.  gloriosa  might 
be  repeated  almost  verbatim  for  Y.  recurvifolia,  which  is 
likewise  autumnal-flowering,  and  the  fruit  of  which, — 
barring  several  rather  questionable  statements  in  gardening 
journals,  —  to  my  knowledge  has  never  been  observed  until 
Dr.  Mellichamp,  in  the  summer  of  1901,  found  plants  fruit- 
ing in  cultivation  in  the  neighborhood  of  Charleston,  and 
furnished  the  material  from  which  the  description  and 
illustration  here  published  were  drawn.  The  occurrence 
of  Y.  recurvifolia  on  several  islands  between  the  delta  of 
the  Mississippi  and  the  mouth  of  the  Mobile  river,  which  is 
not  connected  with  the  present  question,  may,  perhaps, 
have  been  brought  about  by  currents  transporting  rhizome 
fragments  derived  from  plants  cultivated  somewhere  along 
one  of  the  rivers  opening  on  the  northern  shore  of  the 
Gulf. 

These  ecological  considerations  suggest  with  force  that 
if  species  in  the  time-honored  use  of  that  term,  Y.  gloriosa 
and  Y.  recurvi 'folia,  so  far  as  their  spontaneous  forms  are 
concerned,  are  of  unexpectedly  restricted  distribution  in  a 
region  where  their  congeners  are  widespread,  and  that  they 
manifest  a  surprising  disharmony  with  their  surroundings 
which,  because  of  the  rigid  pollination  requirements  of  all 
of  this  genus  but  aloifolia,  has  thrown  them  into  almost 

*  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis.  3:  211. 
t  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4 : 199. 


THE   YUCCEAE.  87 

absolute  dependence  upon  vegetative  methods  of  propaga- 
tion; though  they  continue  to  flower  profusely,  and  because 
of  the  unusual  if  aberrant  period  over  which  their  bloom- 
ing extends  they  now  and  then  fruit,  and  they  are  shown 
to  be  so  fertile  under  skilful  artificial  pollination  that  there 
is  little  reason  to  doubt  that  they  would  fruit  regularly  if 
they  bloomed  when  the  Pronuba  was  about ;  —  while  over 
the  great  territory  lying  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
and  the  big  bend  of  the  Missouri  river  and  central  Mexico, 
the  other  Yuccas  have  held  so  close  a  relation  with  their 
pollinators  as  to  be  very  fruitful  under  all  ordinary  circum- 
stances. The  ecological  facts  stated,  however,  are  con- 
sistent with  the  morphological  suggestion  that  Y.  gloriosa 
may  be  a  hybrid  between  Y.  aloifolia  and  Y.  filamentosa, 
and  the  two  considerations  appear  to  constitute  so  strong 
an  argument  for  the  acceptance  of  the  a  priori  theory 
advanced,  as  to  throw  the  burden  of  proof  upon  any  who 
would  still  regard  gloriosa  as  a  species  in  the  ordinary 
sense,  — though  for  purposes  of  classification  it,  as  well  as 
recurvifolia  and  flexilis,  may  continue  to  be  treated  as 
species.* 

222.  Leaves  crowded,  regularly  and  rigidly  arcuate. 

Y.  DE  SMETIANA  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  187O  :  1217.  Joura. 
Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  222.   Kew  Bull.  1892  :8. 

?  Y.  Helkinsi  Hort. 

Caulescent,  at  length  with  a  trunk  2  or  3  m.  high.  Leaves  rigid,  evenly 
and  stiffly  recurved,  becoming  .4  m.  long  and  25  mm.  or  more  wide,  pur- 
ple tinged,  entire  or  slightly  rough-margined  at  base,  not  pungent.  Flow- 
ers and  fruit  unknown.  —  Plate  48. 

A  garden  plant  ascribed  to  Mexico,  which  when  small  is 
very  suggestive  in  appearance  of  a  lily  because  of  its 
crowded  arching  not  at  all  concave  leaves :  quite  unlike  any 
other  Yucca,  and  perhaps  not  of  this  genus.  No  positive 
record  exists  of  the  source  of  the  plants  of  this  species  cul- 

*  The  substance  of  these  conclusions  was  presented  at  the  Denver 
meeting  of  the  Botanical  Society  of  America,  in  August  1901. 


88  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

tivated  at  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  but  they  are  be- 
lieved to  have  come  from  northern  Mexico,  many  years  agor 
through  Dr.  Parry. 

B.  B.  Fruit  pendent,  fleshy  and  edible :  seeds  thick,  often  convex,  nearly 
without  a  thin  border;  albumen  evidently  ruminated.  —  §  Sarcoyucca. 

I.  Fruit  coreless,  purple-fleshed.  Leaves  with  denticulate  horny  border. 

Y.  ALOIFOLIA  Linnaeus  Sp.  Plant.  319.  (1753).  — Walter, 
Fl.  Carol.  124.  —  Michaux,  Fl.  1  : 196.  —  Pursh,  Fl. 
1 :  228.  —  Nuttall,  Gen.  1 :  218.  —  Riddell,  N.  O.  Me<L 
and  Surg.  Journ.  8  :  763.  —  De  Candolle,  PI.  Grasses. 
1.  pi.  20.  — Redoute,Liliace'es.  7.  pi.  401-2.  —  Sims, 
Bot.  Mag.  4O.  pi.  1700. — Bommer,  Journ.  d'Hort. 
Prat.  [ii].  3:18. — Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13:92. — 
Curtis,  Bot.  N.  C.  56. — Baker,  Gard.  Chron. 
1870 :  828.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  221.  Kew 
Bull.  1892  :  7.  —  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis. 
3  :  34,  211.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  14  :  251.  — 
Wood  &  McCarthy,  Journ.  Elisha  Mitchell  Soc. 
1885-6:125.  — Trelease,  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard. 
3  : 162.  pi.  7,44.  4  : 182.  pi.  18.  —  Webber,  Kept. 
Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  6:91.  pi.  45-7.  —  Sargent,  Silva. 

1OiQ.pl.  497 Hemsley,    Bot.    Bermudas.    69. — 

Kearney,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb.  56.  Index. 

Y.  aloifolia  stenophylla  Bommer,  Journ.   d'Hort.   Prat.   [ii].  3 : 19. 

(1859). 
r.  gloriosa  Nuttall,  Gen.  1  : 218.  —  Bartram,  Travels.  69-70,  and  French 

ed.  1 : 139-142.  —  ?  Chapman,  West.  Journ.  Med.  &  Surg.1845 : 480.  — 

Rev.  Hort.   58:508.  —  Eggers,  Bull.  U.    S.  Nat.  Mus.    13:109.— 

Hemsley,  Bot.  Bermudas.  69. 
r.  Draconis  Elliott,  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1 : 401. 
r.  serrulata  Haworth,  Suppl.  32.  (1819).  —  Regel,  Gartenflora.  8  : 35.  — 

Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13  :  93. —Engelmann,  Trans.    Acad.  St.   Louis. 

3  :  37.  — Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:221. 
Y.  crenulata Haworth,  Suppl.  33.  (1819).  —Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13 : 93.  — 

Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870:828.   Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:221. — 

Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  :  37. 
?  Y.  armata  Steudel,  Nomencl.  2:  795.  [ed.  2].  (1841.) 

?  Aloe  Juccae  foliis.  Sloane,  Cat.  PI.  Jamaica.  118.  (1696.) 
Aloe  Americana  juccae  foliis  arborescens.  Commelin,  Praelud.  Bot. 
64. /.  14.  (1703.) 


THE   YUCCEAE.  89 

Aloes  Floridana  procerior.  Plukenetius,  Amalth.  Bot.  10.  (1705). 
Aloe  Yuccae  foliis  caulescens  Floridana.  Plukenetius,  Amalth.  Bot. 

10.  (1705).   Almag.  19.  pi.  256.  f.  4.  (1696,  1700). 
Aloe;  Americana;  folio  Yuccae;  arborescens.  Boerhaave,  Index  Alter 

Plant.  Hort.  Lugd.-  Bat.  2  : 181.  (1720,  1727). 
Yucca  arborescens,    foliis    rigidioribus,    rectis,  serratis.    Dillenius, 

Hort.  Elth.  2:435..pZ.  323.  (1732). 
Yucca  foliorum  margine  crenulato.  a.    Linnaeus,  Hort.    Cliff.   130. 

(1737). 
Cordyline  foliis  pungentibus  crenulatis.   Van  Eoyen,  Fl.  Leyd.  Prod. 

22.  (1740). 

Low  slender  tree,  somewhat  short-branched  above  and  often  cespi- 
tosely  suckering.  Leaves  flat,  rather  thick,  rigid,  denticulate  on  the 
margin,  very  pungently  brown-pointed.  Inflorescence  usually  close  to 
the  leaves,  compactly  panicled.  Flowers  creamy,  tinged  with  green  or 
purple  toward  the  base;  ovary  shortly  stipitate;  style  short,  not  con- 
tracted, oblong  or  a  little  tumid,  abruptly  starting  from  the  ovary.  Fruit 
oblong-prismatic,  nearly  black,  coreless,  with  dark  purple  pulp;  seeds 
glossy,  round  or  oval,  often  acute  at  one  end,  5  or  6  X  6  or  7  mm.  — 
Plates  49-50.  84,  /.  6. 

Virgin  Isles,  Jamaica,  eastern  coast  of  Mexico  (Vera 
Cruz),  the  Bermudas,  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  southward 
from  about  Pamlico  Sound ;  and  occasionally  escaping  from 
cultivation  as  far  inland  as  Monroe  in  northwestern  Louisi- 
ana.— Plate  95,  f.  1. 

The  principal  forms  of  this  species,  which  has  been  cul- 
tivated in  Europe  since  1605  and  which  differs  from  all 
other  Yuccas  in  its  stipitate  ovary  and  coreless  purple-pulped 
fruit,  commonly  formed  without  Pronuba  aid,  may  be  dis- 
tinguished as  follows :  — 

Panicle  glabrous. 

Leaves  rigid,  ascending,  usually  25  to  40  mm.  wide  when  developed. 
Green  throughout.  Y.  aloifolia. 

Purplish  tinged.  f .  purpurea. 

Yellow-margined.  f.  marginata. 

With  yellow  and  white  center,  and  often  red  variegation,  f .  tricolor. 
Leaves  recurving. 

Leaves  40  to  50  mm.  wide.     Stem  tall. 

Branching  above.  var.  Draconis. 

Branching  at  base.  f .  conspicua. 

Leaves  10  to  20  mm.  wide.     Stem  low. 


90  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

Leaves  smooth,  little  denticulate.  var.  arcuata. 

Leaves  rough-margined.  f.  tenuifolia. 

Leaves  with  red  and  yellow  central  stripe.       f .  Menandi. 

Panicle  tomentose.  var.  Tucatana. 

Y.  ALOIFOLIA  Linnaeus. 

Synonymy  as  above. 

Mostly  simple,  with  slender  trunk.  Leaves  not  recurving,  very  rigid 
and  pungent,  green,  often  a  little  glaucous  when  young.  —  Plates  43.  44. 
S0,f.  6. 

The  common  wild  form,  cultivated  in  Europe  at  least  since 
1696.  According  to  Mr.  Fawcett,  though  it  grows  near 
the  Kingston  gardens,  at  an  elevation  of  680  ft.,  it  is  more 
commonly  found  in  Jamaica  between  2,000  and  5,000ft. 
above  sea-level,  whereas  in  the  United  States  it  is  a  seaside 
plant  or  of  the  coast  lowlands,  and  never  found  far  above 
sea-level. 

Y.  ALOIFOLIA  PURPUREA  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  : 
221.  (1880). 

Y.  Atkinsi  Hort. 

A  purplish-leaved  garden  form,  perhaps  more  properly  placed  under 
var.  arcuata. 

Y.  ALOIFOLIA  MARGINATA  Bommer,    Journ.  d'Hort.  Prat. 
[ii].  3:19.  (Jan.  1859). 

Y.  serrulata  argenteo  marginata  Regel,  Gartenflora.  8:35.  (Feb.  1859). 

Y.  aloifolia  variegata  Naudin,  PI.  Feuill.  Col.  2.  pi.  52.  (1870).  —  Gard. 
Chron.  n.  s.  13  :  8 1.  18 :  407.  —  Meehan's  Monthly.  9 :  196.  /.  —  Car- 
riere, Rev.  Hort.  50:18,  104. 

Y.  variegata  Hort. 

Y.  aloefoliaversicolor  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  50: 104.  (1878). 

Y.  versicolor  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  50  : 18.  (1878). 

A  garden  form  with  the  leaves  green  at  center,  bordered  and  striped 
with  various  shades  of  yellow  and  white,  and  often  tinged  with  red  at 
least  when  young.  No  doubt  separable  into  at  least  three  forms  capable 
of  being  fixed  by  selection:  —one  with  yellow  margin,  one  with  added 
white  stripes,  and  one  with  a  fairly  persistent  additional  tine  of  red  on  the 
back  near  the  border. 


THE   YUCCEAE.  91 

Y.  ALOIFOLIA  TRICOLOR  Bommer,  Journ.  d'Hort.Prat.  [ii], 

3:19.  (Jan.  1859). 

?  Y.  aloifolia  roseo-marginata  Regel,  Gartenflora.  8:35.  (Feb.  1859). 
T.  quadricolor  Greenland,  Rev.  Hort.  1859:434.— Carriere,  Rev.  Hort. 

50:18,104.   51:404. 

T.  quadricolor  variegata  Carridre,  Rev.  Hort.  45:405.  (1873). 
T.  medio-picta  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  60:104.  (1878). 
?  T.  picta  Hovey,  Garden.  11 :208.  (1877). 
?  Y.  lineata  lutea  Hort. 

?  Y.  Stokesi  Garden.  12:134.  (1877).  83:487. 
Y.  tricolor  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18 : 221.  (1880). 
Y.  aloifolia  quadricolor  Gard.  Chron.  n.  s.  18  : 245.  (1882). 

A  garden  sport  of  the  preceding  with  a  median  yellow  or  white  band 
bordered  with  green,  and  likewise  tinged  with  red  when  young. 

Neither  of  these  variegated  forms  comes  true  to  seed,  and 
the  intensity  of  the  variegation,  particularly  the  red,  is  apt 
to  change  with  age  and  season.  Knowledge  of  the  garden 
synonyms  is  so  indefinite  that  some  of  those  marked  with  a 
question  may  be  wrongly  placed,  and  what  is  called  f . 
Menandi  below  may  perhaps  be  identical  with  one  of  them. 

Y.  ALOIFOLIA  DRACONIS  (Linnaeus)  Engelmann,  Trans. 
Acad.  St.  Louis.  3:35.  (1873).  —  Baker,  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  221. 

Y.  Draconis   Linnaeus,    Sp.   PL  319.  (1753).  —  ?  Bot.  Reg.  22.  pi. 

1894.  —  Lamarck,  Encycl.   Meth.  1.  pi.  243. — Bommer,  Journ. 

d'Hort.  Prat.  8:40.  — Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870:828. /.  154.— 

Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13  :  93. 

Y.  Haruckeriana  Crantz,  De  duabus  Draconis  arb.  bot.  29.   (1768). 
Y.  Draco  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1859  :  389. 


Tacori.  Clusius,  Exot.  48.  (1605).  —  J.  Bauhinus,  Hist.  Plant.  1 :  405. 

(1650). 
Draconi  arbori  afflnis,  Americana.  C.  Bauhinus,  Pinax.  506.   (1623, 

1721). 
?  Aloe   purpurea  levis.    Hunting,  Phytogr.   Curios.  20.  /.  94.  (1702, 

1713). 
Aloe  Americana  Draconis  folio  serrato.  Commelin,  Praelud.  Bot.  42, 

67. /.  16.  (1703). 
Aloe;  Americana;  folio  Draconis  serrato.    Boerhaave,    Index    Alter 

Plant.  Hort.  Lugd.-Bat.  2  :  129.  (1720,  1727). 
Yucca  Draconis  folio  serrato,  reflexo.    Dillenius,  Hort.  Elth.  2  :  437. 

pi.  324.  (1732). 


92  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

Yucca  foliorum  margine  crenulato.  ft.  Linnaeus,  Hort.  Cliff.  130. 
(1737).  Hort.  Ups.  88.  (1748). 

Trunk  branching  above,  rather  tall,  leaves  broad  and  long,  more  flex- 
ible and  somewhat  arched,  less  pungent. 

As  far  as  it  is  known  to  me  Y.  Draconis,  taking  the  figure 
of  Dillenius  as  representative  of  it,  is  properly  placed  under 
Y.  aloifolia,  with  the  differential  characters  given.  It 
appears  to  have  been  cultivated  in  Europe  since  1605,  but 
it  is  not  impossible  that  much  of  the  earlier  Draconis,  like 
that  of  gardens  to-day,  was  the  Central  American  Y.  ele- 
phantipes,  the  fruit  and  flower  characters  of  which  are 
quite  different  from  those  of  Y.  aloi folia,  though  the 
foliage  is  of  the  same  general  type. 

Y.  ALOIFOLIA   CONSPICUA    (Haworth)  Engelmann.  Trans. 
Acad.    St.    Louis.    3:35.     (1873).  —  Baker,  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:221. 
r.  conspicua  Haworth,   Suppl.   32.  (1819).  —  Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13  r 

92.  —  Houllet,  Kev.  Hort.  60 : 388. 

1*.  aloifolia  flexifolia  Bommer,  Journ.  d'Hort.  Prat.  3  : 19.  (1859). 
y.  Mezicana  Hort.,  in  part. 

Trunks  clustered.  Leaves  broad  and  lax,  recurving,  softly  green 
pointed. 

A  form  of  the  preceding,  frequent  in  European  gardens 
and  said  by  Baker  to  be  represented  by  wild  [escaped?] 
plants  from  the  vicinity  of  Cuernavaca,  on  the  Pacific 
slope  of  Mexico  (Bourgeau,  no.  1408). 

Y.  aloifolia  areuata  (Haworth)  Trelease. 

r.  areuata  Haworth,  Suppl.  33.  (1819).  — Regel,  Gartenflora.  8  :  35. — 
Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13  :  93.  —  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870: 828.  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:221.  — Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis. 

3:37. 

Short-stemmed  from  a  prostrate  caudex.  Leaves  less  than  25  mm. 
•wide,  .3  to  .5  m.  long,  smooth,  the  margins  less  denticulate  than  usual. 

A  garden  form ,  doubtless  derived  from  the  Carolina  coast 
region,  and  seemingly  of  shaded  places. 


THE   YUCCEAE.  93 

Y.  aloifolia  tenuifolia  (Haworth)  Trelease. 

Y.  tenuifolia  Haworth,  Suppl.  34.  (1819).  —  Regel,  Gartenflora.  8  :  35.  — 
Leraaire,  111.  Hort.  13 : 93.  —Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  : 
221.  — Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  :  37. 

Habit  of  the  preceding,  the  leaves  frequently  faleate,  often  purplish, 
with  somewhat  roughened  dorsal  ridges  and  very  sharp  but  fine  marginal 
toothing. 

A  cultivated  form,  doubtless  of  the  coast  region,  and 
found  by  the  writer  in  April  1901  escaped  along  the 
shady  roadside  near  the  Grant-Pemberton  monument  at 
Vicksburg,  Miss.  —  in  which  city,  however,  the  usual  cul- 
tivated plant  is  typical  aloifolia. 

Y.  aloifolia  Menandi  Trelease. 

A  sport,  seemingly  of  f .  tricolor,  with  the  rigidly  much  recurved  leaves 
about  .3  m.  long,  5  to  10  mm.  wide,  somewhat  rough  on  both  margin  and 
dorsal  ridges,  of  a  deep  green,  with  yellow  and  occasionally  red  median 
band  or  lines  narrow  on  the  upper  surface  but,  as  in  forma  tricolor, 
occupying  a  large  part  of  the  lower  surface.  —  Plate  50. 

Purchased  from  Mr.  W.  A.  Manda  (from  the  Louis 
Menand  collection)  in  July  1901,  under  the  name  Y.  quad- 
ricolor. 

Y.  aloifolia  Yucatan  a  (Engelmann)  Trelease. 

Y.  Yucatana Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  $  37.  (1873). —  Baker, 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18 : 221.  —  Trelease,  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard. 
3:162.  .pZ.  45. 

Trunks  clustered  from  the  base,  as  much  as  7  m.  high.  Leaves  rather 
flexible.  Inflorescence  tomentose.  Stamens  shorter  than  in  the  type. 

Yucatan,  collected  by  Schott  (706)  in  1865  at  the  ruins 
of  "  Nohpat  "  or  "  Najput." 

From  all  of  the  other  baccate  Yuccas,  Y.  aloifolia,  in 
the 'comprehensive  sense,  differs  obviously  in  its  evidently 
stalked  ovary  and  coreless  purple-fleshed  fruit.  Its  geo- 
graphical distribution  is  such  as  to  lead  to  the  conclusion 
that  it  may  have  originated  in  the  eastern  islands  of  the 
West  Indian  group,  from  which  it  may  have  spread,  by  aid 
of  ocean  currents,  to  the  Atlantic  states  and  Bermudas, 
and,  by  way  of  Jamaica,  to  the  Mexican  coast,  isolation 


94  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

on  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan  having  given  opportunity  for 
the  differentiation  of  the  marked  variety  named  after  that 
country. 

11.  Fruit  with  papery  core  and  white  or  yellow  flesh. 
2.  Leaves  very  large  and  thin,  minutely  denticulate. 

Y.  ELEPHANTIPES  Regel,  Gartenflora.  8:  35.  (Feb.  1859). 
Y.  Guatemalensis    Baker,   Ref.  Bot.  5.  pi.  313.  (1872).    Kew  Bull. 

1892 :  7.    Journ.  Linn.  Soc.    Bot.  18  : 222.  —  Engelmann,   Trans. 

Acad.  St.  Louis.  3:38. —Trelease,  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.    3:162. 

4:184.    pi.  1,2, 19.    5 : 165.  —  Gard.  Chron.  iii.  18  :  519,  523. /. 

91-3. 

Y.  Lenneana  Baker,  Kew  Bull.  1892  :  7. 
?  r.  aloifolia  Regel,  I.  c.  34. 
Y.  Mooreana  Hort. 
r.  Ghiesbreghtii  Hort. 
Y.  Roezlii  Hort. 

Yucca  —  ?    Schlechtendal,  Linnaea.  17  :  270. 
Dracaena  Lenneana  Hort. 
D.  Lennei  Hort. 
D.  Ehrenbergii  Hort. 
D.  Fintelmanni  Hort. 
D.  yuccoides  Hort. 

Usually  with  several  trunks  from  a  swollen  base  similar  to  that  of  No- 
Una,  rough  barked  in  age.  At  length  a  large  tree  8  or  10  m.  high,  com- 
pactly branched  above.  Leaves  rigidly  spreading,  clear  green,  glossy, 
plane  or  a  little  plicate,  with  soft  green  tip,  .5  to  1  m.  long,  50  to  75  mm. 
wide,  scabrid-margined  and  sometimes  a  little  roughened  on  the  dorsal 
ridges.  Inflorescence  panicled  close  to  the  leaves,  glabrous.  Flowers 
white  or  creamy:  style  short,  oblong.  Fruit  oblong-ovoid:  seeds  nearly 
circular,  8  to  10  mm.  in  diameter. —  Plates  51.  82,  f.  1.  84,  f.  7. 

Central  America,  where  it  is  universally  cultivated,  flower- 
ing from  February  to  April,  and  common  elsewhere  in  gar- 
dens; but  the  exact  place  of  its  nativity  remains  to  be 
discovered. 

According  to  Mr.  Baker,  Y.  Mooreana  is  a  garden  name 
for  a  small-flowered  form,  and  Y.  Ghiesbreghtii,  for  one 
with  more  rigid  and  scabrous  leaves.  From  Koch's  state- 
ment,* this  species  appears  to  have  been  cultivated  in 

*  Belg.  Hort.  1862:110. 


THE  YUCCEAE.  95 

European  gardens  under  the  erroneous  name  Y.  Calif or- 
nica. 

I  do  not  find  herbarium  material  or  published  records 
showing  the  native  home  of  Y.  elephantipes,  and  though  it 
is  cultivated  everywhere  in  the  interior  as  a  hedge  or  door- 
yard  plant,  it  is  not  wild  in  Guatemala  between  Puerto 
Barrios  and  San  Jose',  nor  in  Honduras  between  Puerto 
Cortez  and  Santa  Cruz  de  Yohoa,  and  a  gentleman  who 
has  traveled  extensively  in  Salvador  and  is  familiar  with 
the  plant  reports  it  as  occurring  in  that  republic  only  in 
cultivation.  Doubtful  reports  locate  it  in  the  mining 
region  back  of  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras,  and  near  the 
Atlantic  coast  about  Bluefields,  Nicaragua,  —  the  latter 
being  more  probable,  as  it  is  more  likely  to  belong  to  the 
Atlantic  slope  than  the  South  Coast.  In  foliage  it  is 
much  like  Y.  aloifolia  Draconis,  the  flowers  of  which, 
however,  are  different.  It  is  probably  this  species  which 
occurs,  in  small  specimens,  in  the  gardens  of  Belize,  where 
the  poetic  negroes  and  Caribs  call  it  "  May-pole."  The 
Mexican  specimens  collected  by  Schiede  and  Deppe  in  1829 
at  the  Hacienda  de  la  Laguna  (about  five  leagues  south  of 
Jalapa,  according  to  a  note  published  by  Schiede*)  were 
doubtless  obtained  from  a  cultivated  plant,  though  Schlech- 
tendal  (Linnaea.  17 : 270)  speaks  of  its  frequent  occur- 
rence and  mentions  the  names  isote  and  palmita  as  applied 
to  this  Yucca. 

Throughout  Guatemala  and  Honduras,  this  tree  is  known 
as  "  Izotef,"  and  while  it  is  chiefly  cultivated  as  a  rather 
poor  hedge  plant,  the  flowers  are  prized  as  a  table  vege- 
table and  they  are  frequently  exposed  for  sale  in  the  mar- 
kets of  Guatemala  City  and  other  towns,  the  usual  method 
of  employing  them  being  to  fry  them  with  eggs.  No  use 
appears  to  be  made  of  the  leaf -fiber,  other  cordage  mate- 

*  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18 : 222.  —  Schiede,  Linnaea.  4 :  232. 
t  See  Jauregui,  Vicios  del  lenguaje  y  proviiicialismos  de  Guatemala. 
340.  (Guatemala,  1893).  —  It  is  erroneously  called  T.  gloriosa. 


96  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

rials  being  abundant  and  apparently  more  easily  manufac- 
tured. 

M.  Pittier  informs  me  that  in  Costa  Rica,  everywhere  on 
the  central  plateau  as  well  as  on  the  Pacific  slope  a  Yucca 
called  "Itavo  "  or  "  Itabo  "  is  cultivated  as  a  hedge  plant 
and  its  flowers  sold  for  the  table,  and  it  is  doubtless  this 
species,  though  I  have  been  unable  to  see  material  repre- 
senting it. 

22.  Leaves  from  sparingly  denticulate  becoming  sparingly  filiferous, 
thick  and  firm. 

Y.  TRECULEANA  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1858 :  580.  1861 : 
305.  1863:13,55.  1869  :406./.  82. — Baker,  Gard. 
Chron.  187O:  828.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  226. 
Kew  Bull.  1892:8. — Lemaire,  111.  Hort.  13:97. — 
Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3:41,  55,  210, 
212. — Rev.  Hort.  59:  368. /.  74.  — Garden.  1 :  161. 
7:11.  8:131.  12:  328,  369.  pi.  94.  35:585./.— 
Sargent,  Silva.  1O  :  9.  pi.  498.  — Gardening.  4  :  371. 
/.  —  Coulter,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb.  2:436.— 
Havard,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.  23  :  37. 

Y.  aspera  Regel,  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petropol.  1858:24.  Gartenflora.  8:14, 
35.  —  Engelmaun,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3:37,  210,  212. 

F.  longifolia  Buckley,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1862:8.  Gard.  Monthly.  17: 
69. —  Gray,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1862:167. 

T.  Vandervinniana  Koch,  Belg.  Hort.  1862: 131. 

Y.argospatha  Verlot,  Rev.  Hort.  1868:  393. —Belg.  Hort.  1870:23. 

Y,  contorta  Hort. 

Y.  cornuta  Hort. 

Y.  agavoides  Hort. 

Simple  or  loosely  few  branched  tree  usually  under  5  m.  high.  Leaves 
thick  and  rigid,  very  concave,  blue-green,  shagreen-roughened,  pungent, 
.9  to  1.25  m.  long,  25  to  50  mm.  wide,  brown  margined,  entire  or  irregu- 
larly denticulate,  soon  becoming  sparingly  and  finely  flliferous.  Inflores- 
cence usually  short-stalked,  glabrous,  with  large  bracts  below.  Flowers 
white,  occasionally  tinged  with  purple :  style  slightly  contracted,  short: 
stamens  quickly  hooked.  Fruit  oblong :  seeds  5  X  6  to  7  mm.  —  Plates  52- 
54.84,f.  8. 

South  central  Texas,  southward  to  Torreon  and  Tam- 
pico.—  Plate  95,  f.  2. 


THE   YUCCEAE.  97 

Two  fairly  distinct  morphological  and  geographically  sep- 
arate forms  of  this  species,  which  appears  to  be  the  "  palma 
loca  "  (scattered  palm)  of  the  Mexicans,  are  found,  and 
these  may  be  separated  as  follows :  — 

Leaves  long  and  slender.    Flowers  rather  small.  T.  Treculeana. 

Leaves  broader.    Flowers  larger.  var.  canaliculata. 

Y.  TRECULEANA  Carriere. 

Synonymy  as  above. 

The  long-  and  slender-leaved  small  tree  of  the  Texas 
region,  from  New  Braunfels  west  to  beyond  Devil's  river 
and  south  to  about  Torreon,  Mexico.  —  Plates  52.  84,  f  .8. 

Y.  Treculeana  canaliculata  (Hooker)  Trelease. 

Y.  canaliculata  Hooker,  Bot.  Mag.  iii.  16.  pi.  5201.  (I860).— Baker, 

Gard.  Chron.  1870:  1217. — Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis. 

8  :  43.  —  Garden.  1 :  152.    8 :  134.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad. 

14:252. 

T.  canaliculata  pendula  Koch,  Belg.  Hort.  1862  :  131. 
T.  recurvata  Hort,  in  part. 
T.  revoluta  Hort. 

r.  undulata  Koch,  Belg.  Hort.  12  :  132.  (1862). 
r.  Treculeana  undulata  Hort. 

The  broader-leaved  plant  of  the  chapparal  of  the  coast 
region  from  about  Corpus  Christi,  Tex.,  to  the  vicinity  of 
Tampico,  Mex.,  and,  in  the  foot  hills,  to  about  Monterey, 
Mex.  —  Plates  53.  54. 

The  descriptive  garden  synonyms  of  both  species  and 
variety  apparently  pertain  to  young  plants.  In  two  trade 
lists,  issued  respectively  in  September  1901,  and  January 
1902,  Mr.  Carl  Sprenger  of  Naples  includes  the  names 
Y.  Treculeana  glauca  and  Y.  Treculeana  undulata, 
but  without  indication  of  the  characters  of  the  plants,  — 
so  that  it  is  possible  here  merely  to  call  attention  to  them. 
The  second  name  probably  refers  to  the  form  called  Y. 
undulata  by  Koch. 

222.  Leaves  with  conspicuous  marginal  fibers. 
3.  Leaves  thin  and  flexible,  the  fibers  slender. 
7 


98  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GAEDEN. 

Y.  SCHOTTII  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3:46, 
(1873).  —  Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  14:252. — 
Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:228. — Trelease, 
Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:185.  pi.  3.  —  Sargent,  Silva. 
10:17.  pi.  501.  —  In  part. 

Y.  macrocarpa  Engelmann,  Bot.  Gazette.   6:224.   (1881).    7:17.— 
Baker,  Kew  Bull.  1892 : 8.  —Trelease,  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  3  : 162. 
pi.  46. 
?  Y.  Mazeli  Chabaud,  Belg.  Hort.  1882 : 222. — Wiener  111.  Garten- 

Zeit.  11 :  347.  — Baker,  Kew  Bull.  1892  : 8. 

Arborescent,  rarely  over  3  or  4  m.  high,  simple  or  few  branched  above. 
Leaves  blue-green,  smooth,  rather  rigidly  divergent,  thin,  concave,  pun- 
gent, 20  to  40  mm.  wide,  very  finely  and  often  sparingly  filiferous.  In- 
florescence densely  panicled  close  to  the  leaves,  very  tomentose  or  rarely 
nearly  glabrous.  Flowers  subglobose.  Fruit  oblong,  mostly  large: 
seeds  7  X  9  mm-  —  Plates  55.  85,  f.  1 . 

Southern  Arizona,  especially  about  Benson  and  Nogales, 
and  as  far  into  the  Mexican  state  of  Chihuahua  at  least  as 
Colonia  Garcia.  Flowering  in  late  summer.  —  Plate  96, 

f-i- 

When,  in  1882,  Dr.  Engelmann  described  fuller  material 
of  the  Arizona  Yucca  which  he  had  named  Y.  macrocarpa 
the  year  before,  he  was  so  impressed  with  the  resem- 
blance of  its  tomentose  panicle  to  the  fragments  of  inflo- 
rescence in  the  Torrey  herbarium  accompanying  the  leaves 
of  what  he  had  called  Y.  8chottii,  that  he  suggested  that 
the  latter  might  possibly  be  only  a  short-leaved  form  of 
the  same  species.  This  suggestion  has  been  adopted  by  a 
number  of  recent  writers,  who,  irrespective  of  a  prior  use 
of  the  name  macrocarpa  in  the  genus,  have  come  to  look 
upon  Y.  macrocarpa  Engelm.  as  a  synonym  of  Y.  Schottii. 

This  Y.  Schottii  of  recent  writers  is  abundant  to  the  west 
and  northwest  of  Nogales,  as  far,  at  any  rate,  as  the  vicin- 
ity of  Benson  and  the  Pajarito  mountains,  and  there  be- 
comes a  small  tree  two  or  three  meters  high,  most  frequently 
unbranched ;  and  it  is  especially  marked  among  the  Yuccas 
of  the  region  by  the  bluish-green  color  and  thinness  of  its 
smooth  concave  finely  filiferous  brown-margined  leaves,  and 


THE   YUCCEAE.  99 

the  usual  dense  tomentose  pubescence  of  its  panicle  which 
is  closely  branched  in  the  crown  of  leaves,  though  on  occa- 
sional unmistakable  specimens  of  this  species  nearly  or 
quite  glabrous  panicles  are  seen. 

Though  mentioned  as  a  Mexican  plant  by  Mr.  Hemsley,* 
he  gives  only  the  original  locality  of  Schott,  near  the  boun- 
dary, and  Professor  Sargent, f  who  states  that  it  ranges 
southward  through  Sonora,  gives  no  details  of  its  distribu- 
tion in  Mexico.  Specimens  and  photographs  of  the  only 
Yucca  observed  in  the  Cape  region  of  Lower  California  by 
Mr.  Brandegee,  which  he  has  kindly  allowed  me  to  see,  do 
not  show  that  this  is  distinguishable  from  Y.  Schottii  of 
Arizona. 

Leaves  of  Y.  Mazeli,  collected  in  the  Thuret  garden  at 
Antibes  by  Mr.  Alwin  Berger,  are  scarcely  to  be  compared 
with  any  species  known  to  me  except  Y.  Schottii,  though 
they  differ  from  those  of  the  latter  that  I  have  seen  in  being 
persistently  a  little  denticulate. 

Y.  Schottii  Jaliscensis  Trelease. 

T.  Treculeana  ?  Rose,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb.  5:241. 
F.  Schottii  Urbina,  Cat.  PI.  Mex.  353. 

A  stout  large  branched  tree,  with  leaves  sometimes  very  large. 
Scarcely  otherwise  distinguishable  from  the  type,  and,  like  it,  blooming  in 
late  summer  or  autumn.  — Plate  56. 

Chiquilistlan  to  Zapotlan,  Jalisco,  Mex.,  frequent  in 
hedges  but  of  undetermined  spontaneous  range. — Plate 
96, f.  1. 

In  speaking  of  Mexican  fiber  plants,  Dr.  KoseJ  mentions 
one  known  as  ««  isote,"  which  he  doubtfully  refers  to 
Y.  Treculeana  and  states  is  common  on  the  table  lands  of 
western  Mexico.  A  leaf  of  isote  bought  by  him  in  the 
market  of  Guadalajara  (E.  B.  68),  which  he  was  kind 
enough  to  let  me  examine,  though  measuring  75  X  750 


*  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.  3  :  371. 

t  Silva,  10  :  17. 

J  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb.  5  :241 


100  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

mm.  and  therefore  much  larger  than  usual  in  Y.  Schottii, 
is  not  otherwise  different  from  the  leaves  of  that  species. 
In  1892  Mr.  Marcus  E.  Jones  collected  and  photographed 
a  Yucca  at  Chiquilistlan,  to  which  he  gives  the  local  name 
"  desoti,  "  —  which  is  doubtless  merely  a  phonetic  variant 
of  isote  or  izote ;  and  good  specimens,  evidently  of  the  same 
species,  were  made  by  Mr.  Pringle  at  Zapotlan  (no.  4392) 
and  distributed  under  the  name  Y.  Schottii. 

While  the  herbarium  specimens  of  this  izote  of  the 
Mexican  state  of  Jalisco  are  hardly  referable  elsewhere 
than  to  Y.  Schottii,  Mexicans  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Pajarito 
mountains,  west  of  Nogales,  assured  me  that  the  true 
Y.  Schottii  of  that  region  is  not  the  izote  that  they  knew 
further  south,  which,  as  they  asserted,  is  a  larger,  more 
branched  tree.  Photographs  taken  by  Mr.  Jones,  in  fact, 
show  this  to  be  true,  at  Chiquilistlan,  as  does  the  accom- 
panying plate  from  photographs  taken  by  me  in  1901  at 
Zapotlan,  where,  though  very  abundant  in  the  suburbs,  in 
hedge-rows,  etc.,  the  izote  appears  to  occur  only  as  a  culti- 
vated plant.  The  much  larger  size,  stout  trunk  enlarged 
below,  more  branched  habit,  and  rather  more  staring 
leaves,  are  the  only  characters  by  which  I  am  able  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  Y.  Schottii^  so  that  at  most  I  should  call 
it  a  variety  of  the  latter.  The  tree  figured  by  Dr.  Eose* 
from  a  photograph  taken  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city  of 
Mexico,  and  supposed  to  represent  the  izote,  is  doubtless 
Y.  australis. 

33.  Leaves  thick  and  firm,  with  usually  coarser  fibers. 
4.  Leaves  narrow,  falcate,  smooth. 

Y.    BREVIFOLIA    Schott,    in    Torrey,    Bot.    Bound.   221. 
(1859). —  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3:  46. 
Y.  puberula  Torrey,  Bot.  Bound.  221. 

Shortly  caulescent,  scarcely  reaching  a  height  of  2  m.,  mostly  cespi- 
tose.  Leaves  green,  smooth,  rigidly  divergent,  often  falcate,  thick,  plano- 
convex, very  pungent,  .3  to  .6  m.  long,  6  to  25  mm.  wide,  the  margin  freely 

*  1.  c.pl.  38. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  101 

Uliferous.  Inflorescence  panicled  close  above  the  leaves,  glabrous. 
Flowers  apparently  rather  small,  with  tapering  style.  Fruit  baccate, 
large:  seeds  9  to  10  X  10  to  12  mm.  —Plates  57-59. 

About  Nogales,  Arizona,  on  the  Santa  Cruz  river,  and  in 
the  rugged  mountains  west  of  that  city.  Flowering  in 
May.—  Plate  96,  f.  2. 

In  the  course  of  his  work  connected  with  the  original 
survey  of  the  boundary  between  the  United  States  and 
Mexico,  Mr.  Arthur  Schott  collected,  in  the  upper  Santa 
Cruz  valley,  and  near  the  boundary  monument  in  the  Sierra 
del  Pajarito,  a  small  arborescent  Yucca,  for  which  he  pro- 
posed the  manuscript  name  Y.  brevifolia.  His  specimens 
were  referred  to  Y.  puberula  Haw.,  in  1859,  by  Dr.  Tor- 
rey,  who,  however,  printed  Schott' s  proposed  name  as  a 
synonym.  In  1873  Engelmann,  recognizing  that  they  do 
not  represent  the  Y.  puberula  of  Haworth,  which  is  an 
acaulescent  plant  scarcely  differing  from  typical  Y.  flaccida, 
proposed  for  them  the  name  Y.  Schottii,  with  the  remark 
that  Mr.  Schott  "  may  possibly  have  mixed  the  fruit  of 
Y.  baccata  with  the  foliage  of  the  new  plant;  but  the 
leaves  appear  so  peculiar  that  there  can  scarcely  be  a  doubt 
about  the  distinctness  of  the  species  to  which  they  be- 
long." 

The  fragmentary  specimens  collected  by  Schott,  by  which 
and  his  notes  and  sketches  alone  his  Y.  brevifolia  appears 
to  be  represented  in  herbaria,  consist  of  a  sheet  in  the  Torrey 
herbarium,  bearing  smooth,  stoutly  pointed,  very  thick  and 
rigid  leaves  cut  off  above  the  base,  about  25  mm.  wide, 
plano-convex  except  toward  the  pungent  apex  where  they 
are  somewhat  concave,  and  with  long  slender  straight  mar- 
ginal fibers;  panicle  fragments,  some  of  which  are  glabrous 
and  others  softly  tomentose ;  flowers,  the  bases  of  which 
are  pubescent,  suggesting  that  they  probably  belong  with 
the  pubescent  pedicels ;  and  a  glabrous  branchlet  bearing 
an  immature  fruit  which  may  have  been  either  erect  on  an 
.ascending  branch,  or,  as  is  more  likely,  pendent  from  a 


IQ2  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

drooping  one :  and  a  sheet  in  the  Engelmann  herbarium 
with  a  similar  leaf,  two  glabrous  panicle  fragments,  and 
several  detached  flowers  which  appear  to  have  come  from 
them.  Schott's  notes  and  sketches  in  the  Engelmann 
herbarium  show  that  the  trunks  were  1.75  to  2.5  m.  high, 
the  leaves  about  .3m.  long,  and  the  panicle  lax  with  pen- 
dent fleshy  fruit. 

It  has  long  been  evident  that  if,  as  Dr.  Engelmann 
thought  doubtful,  these  fragments  belong  together,  they 
represent  a  species  very  different  from  any  Yucca  which 
has  been  found  by  later  collectors,  and  that  the  leaves  can 
scarcely  be  compared  closely  with  those  of  any  recognized 
species,  so  that  in  August  1900,  and  April  1902,  I  took 
occasion  to  revisit  the  original  localities,  respectively  a  few 
miles  to  the  eastward  and  a  few  miles  to  the  westward  of 
Nogales,  where,  as  I  had  hoped,  the  species  was  found  in 
abundance,  though,  as  is  usually  true  in  such  cases,  vary- 
ing to  a  surprising  extent  from  the  original  fragmentary 
material. 

Y.  brevifolia,  as  it  occurs  rather  sparingly  in  the  canons 
of  the  Pajarito  and  adjacent  ranges,  to  the  west  of  Nogales, 
and  abundantly  among  the  low  hills  between  that  city  and 
the  Santa  Cruz  river,  to  the  east,  is  most  commonly  cespi- 
tose  and  often  acaulescent,  though  it  not  infrequently  forms 
a  trunk  1  to  1.5  m.  high,  and  the  thick  apple  green  abun- 
dantly filiferous  leaves,  which  are  frequently  f alcately  curved 
to  one  side,  are  usually  about  .75  m.  in  length,  but  vary  in 
this  respect,  and  especially  in  width,  which,  commonly 
about  20  mm.,  may  reach  30  mm.,  or  be  reduced  to  5  or  6 
mm.  Unfortunately  none  of  the  plants  flowered  ia  1 900  and 
my  second  visit  was  too  early  in  the  season,  so  that  neither 
flowers  nor  good  fruit  could  be  obtained,  but  a  few  pan- 
icle remnants  from  previous  years,  branched  rather  loosely 
shortly  above  the  leaves,  —  though  not  so  laxly  as  is  shown 
in  the  sketches  by  Mr.  Schott, — glabrous,  and  showing 
where  the  fruits  had  disarticulated,  leave  little  doubt  that 


THE   YUCCEAE.  103 

the  inflorescence  is  typically  glabrous ;  and  fruit-bases  and 
seeds  show  that  the  fruit  is  baccate. 

If,  as  now  seems  more  probable  than  ever,  the  Torrey 
sheet  of  Y.  brevifolia  contains  parts  of  two  species,  Schott's 
name  may  best  apply  to  what  Dr.  Engelmann  considered 
the  most  characteristic  part,  the  leaves,  particularly  as  the 
name  Schottii  has  now  become  current  for  the  remainder. 
The  later  Y.  brevifolia,  Engelmann  (1871),  as  has  been 
stated  above,  is  now  proposed  as  the  type  of  the  genus  Clis- 
toyucca  under  its  first  published  (varietal)  name  arborescens. 

44.  Leaves  relatively  broader,  usually  smooth. 

Y.   AUSTRALIS    (Engelmann)    Trelease,    Kept.    Mo.    Bot. 
Gard.  3: 162.  pi. «?,  4.  (1892). 

Y.  baccata  australis  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3 : 44,  46. 
(1873),— in  part.  — Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  14:252. —Baker, 
Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  :  229. 

T.  ftlifera  Chabaud,  Rev.  Hort.  48:432. /.  97,  (1876).  —  Carriere, 
Rev.  Hort.  56 :  53.  /.  12, 13.  —Garden.  10: 554.  /.  —  Gard.  &  For- 
est. 1 :  78.  /.  13,14.  —  Baker,  Kew  Bull.  1892  : 8.  —Gard.  Chron. 
iii.  3 : 743, 751.  /.  97, 100.  —  Amer.  Florist.  8 :  59.  /.—  Urbina,  Cat. 
PI.  Mex.  353. 

T.  canaliculata  filifera  Fenzi,  Bull.  R.  Soc.  Tosc.  di  Orticult.  14  : 278. 
pi.  9.  (1889). 

2  T.  periculosa  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1870 : 1088. 

?  T.  baccata  periculosa  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  : 229. 

?  T.  polyphylla  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1.  c. 

?  T.  circinata  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1.  c. 

?  T.  baccata  circinata  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18  : 230. 

?  T.  scabrifolia  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1.  c. 

?  Y.  baccata  scabrifolia  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:230. 

?  Y.  fragiltfolia  Baker,  Gard.  Chron.  1.  c. 

?  Y.  baccata  fragilifolia  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:230. 

?  Y.  baccata  Hystrix  Baker,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18 : 230.  (1880). 

Y.  Treculeana  Rose,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb.  5.  pi.  38. 

Dasylirion  aloefolium  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1884 :  53. 

A  large  thick-  and  rough-stemmed  tree,  at  length  much  branched. 
Leaves  rigidly  spreading,  pungently  stout  pointed,  green,  usually  about 
.3  m.  long  and  25  mm.  wide  but  occasionally  of  double  these  dimensions, 
thick,  piano-  or  concavo-convex,  smooth  or  exceptionally  a  little  scabrid 
on  the  dorsal  angles,  somewhat  sparingly  rather  coarsely  flliferous.  In- 
florescence on  an  exserted  peduncle,  oblong,  pendent,  with  pendent 


104  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

branches,  glabrous.  Flowers  creamy  white,  rather  small ;  style  short,, 
constricted?  stigma  deeply  6-lobed.  Fruit  oblong:  seeds  7X7  to  8 
mm.—  Plates  60.  61.  85,  f.  2. 

Tablelands  of  Mexico,  from  southern  Coahuila,  central 
Nuevo  Leon  and  western  Tamaulipas  to  Queretaro  and, 
perhaps,  the  Federal  District,  where,  at  least,  it  occurs  as 
an  introduced  plant.  — Plate  96,  f.  2. 

Fragmentary  specimens  of  the  large  tree  Yuccas  of  north- 
ern Mexico,  which  are  locally  called  palmas,  in  contrast 
with  the  smaller  narrow-leaved  species,  like  Y.  rostrata  and 
Y.  radiosa,  which  are  known  by  the  diminutive  names 
palmita  or  palmilla,  were  collected  about  Saltillo  by  Dr. 
Gregg,  as  early  as  1846,  and  near  Parras  by  Dr.  Thurber, 
in  1853.  In  his  personal  narrative,*  John  Eussell  Bartlett, 
United  States  Commissioner  on  the  United  States  and 
Mexican  boundary  survey  of  1850-1853,  speaks  of  these 
large  trees  and  gives  a  figure  representing  a  branched 
tree,  evidently  8  or  10  m.  high,  with  a  number  of 
erect  stalked  panicles.  This  is  the  form  which  Dr. 
Torreyf  refers  to  under  Y.  baccata,  though  he  considers 
the  single  leaf  and  immature  fruit  collected  by  Thurber  as 
insufficient  to  warrant  either  the  description  of  a  new 
species  or  its  positive  identification  with  his  Y.  baccata 
macrocarpa. 

About  1860,  Roezl  and  Galeotti  sent  seeds  of  many 
decorative  Mexican  plants  to  European  dealers,  by  whom 
they  were  distributed,  and  among  these  were  seeds  of  one 
or  more  of  the  large  Yuccas,  which  were  soon  cultivated  in 
a  number  of  gardens  in  the  southern  countries,  in  part 
under  the  dealers'  name  Y.  fill  f  era.  Ten  years  later,  Mr. 
Baker  provisionally  published  the  names  Y.  periculosa, 
Y.polyphylla,  Y.  circinata,  Y.  scabrifolia  and  Y.  fragili- 
folia,  for  plants  cultivated  in  England  by  Mr.  "Wilson  Saun- 
ders,but  concerning  the  origin  of  which  nothing  is  said,  and 

*  Personal  Narrative  of  Explorations  and  Incidents.  2  :  490-1.  (1854). 
t  Bot.  Bound.  222.  (1859). 


THE  YUCCEAE.  105 

in  connection  with  these  provisional  species  he  mentions  the 
Thurber  material  as  representing  still  another,  but  without 
giving  it  a  name. 

Both  the  Gregg  and  Thurber  specimens  in  1873  were 
unmistakably  referred  to  his  Y.  baccata  australis  by  Dr. 
Engelmann,  who  suggests  as  possible  synonyms  the  group 
of  provisional  species  of  Baker  and  the  undescribed  Y.  fili- 
fera  of  gardens. 

In  1876,  one  of  the  plants  raised  from  Roezl's  Mexican 
seed  flowered  near  Hyeres,  France,  and  was  figured  under 
its  garden  name,  Y.  filifera,  by  Chabaud,  who  adds 
Y.  albospica*  (which  appears  in  large  part  to  be  Y.  con- 
stricta)  and  Y.  canaliculata  (which  is  properly  a  form  of 
Y.  Treculeana)  as  synonyms.  Accompanying  notes  by 
Carriere,t  who  suggests  its  possible  generic  separability 
from  Yucca,  show  that  it  then  occurred  further  in  garden* 
as  Y.  Parmentieri  \  and  Y.  Japonica. 

It  has  also  been  grown  as  Dasylirion  aloefolium^  and  the 
complication  of  its  nomenclature  is  increased  by  the  addi- 
tion of  the  genus  Roezlia  of  Roezl  (not  of  Regel)  as 
synonymous  with  Y.  Jilifera,\\  and  this  name  and  Lilies 
(sometimes  also  spelled  Liliurn)  have  been  somewhat  cur- 
rent in  gardens  and  horticultural  papersU  for  Y.  Parmen- 
tieri ,  under  which  name,  as  stated  above,  Y.  filifera  has 
been  cultivated,  though  Lilia  regia,  Lilium  regium,  Roez- 
lia regia,  and  R.  bulbifera  of  gardens  are  properly  syn- 
onymous with  the  real  Y.  Parmentieri,  which  is  also  known 
as  Y.  argyropTiylla,  Y.  Toneliana,  and  Y.  Pringlei,  and 

*  See  Engelmann,  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  8  :  37,  210.  —  Belg.  Hort. 
1880:31. 

t  Rev.   Hort.   48 :  423,  432. 

J  Engelmann,  I.  c.  3  :  37. 

§  Carriere,  Rev.  Hort.  1884 : 53. 

||  Chabaud,  I.  c. 

1  See  Gartenflora.  10 :  264, 298.—  Belg.  Horticole.  13 : 327.  38 : 133.  — 
Gard.  Chron.  n.  s.  11:656.  —  Rev.  Hort.  59 :  353.  —  Curtis's  Bot.  Mag. 
iii.47.  pi.  7170. 


106  MISSOURI   BOTANICAL   GARDEN. 

is  really  Furcraea  Bedinghausii ,  a  species  which  also 
possesses  a  number  of  other  generic  as  well  as  specific 
synonyms. 

In  his  synopsis  of  Aloineae  and  Yuccoideae,  Mr.  Baker,* 
recognizes  the  Yucca  baccata  australis  of  Engelmann,  with 
Y.JiliferasiS  a  synonym,  treating  his  own  periculosa,  circin- 
ata,  scabri folia  and  fragilifolia  as  separate  varieties  of  Y. 
baccata,  and  adding  to  this  species  another  garden  variety, 
under  the  name  Hystrix,  while  he  places  his  Y.  polyphylla 
as  a  synonym  under  what  is  here  called  Y.  radiosa. 

Since  the  publication  of  the  papers  referred  to,  knowl- 
edge of  this  tree  has  increased  greatly,  and  there  can  no 
longer  be  any  doubt  as  to  its  specific  separability  from  both 
Y.  baccata  and  Y.  marcocarpa  (Torrey),  and  although  it 
is  unfortunate  that  an  established  name  is  displaced  there- 
by, there  is  no  reason  why  the  tree  should  not  be  designated 
by  the  name  australis  which  Dr.  Engelmann  first  applied 
to  it  varietally,  unless  one  of  Mr.  Baker's  provisional 
names, —  all  of  which  refer  to  plants  still  unknown  in  a 
wild  state  and  comparable  with  immature  forms  of  other 
species, —  should  ultimately  prove,  contrary  to  his  own 
opinion,  to  refer  to  the  same  plant,  in  which  case  it  ante- 
dates this  name  of  Engelmann. 

Yucca  australis,  as  here  understood,  forms  large  forests 
in  the  valleys  about  Monterey,  and  is  especially  abundant 
immediately  to  the  north  of  that  city  between  Chipinque  and 
Topo  Grande,  and  though  there  are  many  breaks,  these 
forests  continue  in  open  places  along  the  Mexican  National 
railroad  to  the  vicinity  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  even  as  far 
south  as  the  vicinity  of  the  city  of  Mexico  some  trees  occur. 
On  the  Mexican  Central  railroad  it  is  seen,  accompanied  by 
Y.  Treculeana  and  Y.  rigida  in  varying  quantity, about  La 
Mancha  and  thence  south  to  about  Syinon.  For  the  sake 
of  verification,  Parras  was  visited,  and  it  may  be  said  that 
Thurber's  material  certainly  represents  the  tree  that  is  com- 

*  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18:229.  (1880). 


THE   YUCCEAE.  107 

mon  about  Monterey,  since  no  other  comparable  plant  occurs 
about  Parras,  and  the  same  species  is  common  about  Sal- 
tillo,  where  Gregg's  leaves  were  collected,  though  a  very 
different  plant,  some  leaves  of  which,  however,  might  be 
mistaken  for  some  of  those  of  this  species,  accompanies  it  in 
the  mountains  south  of  that  city.  It  is  also  seen  from  about 
San  Luis  Potosi  to  the  edge  of  the  table-land,  and  from 
.Monterey  it  reaches  southeastwards  as  far  as  the  central 
part  of  the  state  of  Tamaulipas. 

Throughout  the  large  area  covered  by  these  observa- 
tions, —  and  which  is  doubtless  capable  of  extension,  —  Y. 
australis  is  distinguished  from  all  of  its  congeners  by  the 
possession  of  a  long  rather  narrow  panicle  hanging  straight 
down  from  the  cluster  of  leaves,  on  a  quickly  arched  base, 
even  before  anthesis ;  and  as  this  character  is  as  marked  in 
the  fruiting  clusters  and  even  in  the  old  inflorescence  re- 
mains of  former  years  as  in  the  flower  clusters,  the  recog- 
nition of  the  species  is  very  easy  throughout  most  of  the 
territory  in  which  it  grows.*  Typically  it  becomes  a  large 
much  and  loosely  branched  rough-barked  tree,  but  in  culti- 
vation it  often  attains  gigantic  proportions  before  Branch- 
ing, with  an  extent  of  many  feet  of  the  trunk  covered  by 
still  green  leaves,  as  in  the  streets  of  C.  P.  Diaz;  and  in 
the  high  dry  region  along  the  Tropic  of  Cancer,  as  about 
Moctezuma,  a  low  short-branched  form  occurs,  sometimes 
not  over  3  or  4  m.  high,  but  with  a  trunk  a  meter  or  more 
in  diameter.  Though  usually  designated  simply  as  palma, 
it  seems  to  be  sometimes  called  palma  de  San  Pedro,  and 
sometimes  palma  samandoca. 

Y.  VALIDA  Brandegee,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  2:  208.  pi.  11. 
(1889).  — Trelease,  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  162. 

Similar  in  dimensions,  habit,  foliage,  floral  details  and  fruit,  to  the  pre- 
ceding. Inflorescence  broadly  ovoid,  close  to  the  leaves,  continuous  in 

*  The  erect  panicle  shown  in  Bot.  Mag.  iii.  47. pi.  7197,  was  produced 
on  a  log  from  about  Monterey,  and  therefore  doubtless  of  this  species, 
but  is  quite  unlike  anything  I  have  seen  in  nature,  among  thousands  of 
trees  examined. 


108  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

direction  with  the  branch,  hence  either  erect,  horizontal,  ascending  or 
downwardly  turned.  —  Plates  62-67.  85,  f.  3. 

Central  Lower  California,  and  on  the  high  table  land 
of  central  Mexico  in  the  states  of  Durango,  Zacatecas  and 
San  Luis  Potosi.  —Plate  97,f.l. 

Reference  has  been  made  to  a  figure  by  Bartlett,*  rep- 
resenting somewhat  sketchily  a  large  branched  tree  with 
erect  panicles,  supposed  to  illustrate  the  largest  Yucca  of 
the  region  between  Parras  and  Saltillo,  and  of  which  speci- 
mens were  collected  by  Dr.  Thurber  on  the  boundary 
survey.  This  figure  has  been  commonly  discredited  since 
the  pendent  inflorescence  of  Y.  australis  has  been  known, 
though  a  trunk  of  the  latter,  sent  to  Kew  from  about  Mon- 
terey by  Mr.  Pringle  in  1888,  bore  in  1890  a  panicle  not 
unlike  those  shown  by  Bartlett, f  and  Dr.  Barroeta  of  San 
Luis  Potosi  once  sent  to  Dr.  Engelmann  a  sketch  show- 
ing a  merely  arched  inflorescence. 

Among  the  plants  studied  by  him  in  Lower  California^ 
Mr.  Brandegee  found  a  tree  Yucca  which  he  named  Y, 
valida,  publishing  a  very  inadequate  description  and  a 
reproduction  of  a  Kodak  photograph  showing  a  tree  with 
short  thick  trunk  quickly  breaking  into  a  number  of  erect 
secondary  stems  apparently  some  8  or  10  m.  high. 

About  Durango,  Mexico,  in  April,  1900,  I  observed 
Yuccas  of  the  simpler  trunk  form  assumed  by  Y.  australis., 
and  with  similar  foliage  and  flowers,  which  attracted  my 
attention  by  their  relatively  short  and  thick  spreading  pan- 
icles, markedly  different  from  the  elongated  and  pendent 
flower-clusters  of  the  latter  species.  So  far  as  inflorescence 
could  be  seen,  this  proved  to  be  the  only  species  of  this 
type  along  the  Mexican  Central  railroad  between  about 
Canitas  and  Chicalote,  and  it  forms  great  forests  on  the 
elevated  red  lands  about  Gutierrez,  Fresnillo  and  Calera. 
where  it  often  assumes  the  low  compact  form  noted  for 

*  Personal  Narrative.  2:490-1.  (1854). 
t  Baker,  Bot.  Mag.  iii.  47.  pi.  7197. 


THE   YUCCEAE.  109 

Y.  auxtralis  to  the  eastward  in  the  same  latitude  and  alti- 
tude, some  of  the  short  main  trunks  measuring  fully  2 
meters  in  diameter. 

So  far  as  I  can   see,  this    species,  which    differs   from 

Y.  australis  chiefly  in  having  its  panicles  continuous  in 
direction  with  the  branches  that  bear  them,  and  hence 
either  erect,  oblique  or  horizontal,  is  the  same  as  that 
described  from  Lower  California  under  the  name  Y.  valida 
by  Mr.  Brandegee,  who  has  kindly  allowed  me  to  see  his 
type  material  of  that  species ;  and  if  so  its  range  crosses 
both  the  Sierra  Madre  mountains  and  the  Gulf  of  Califor- 
nia, though  I  do  not  know  that  it  has  been  collected  in  the 
intervening  state  of  Sinaloa.  Because  of  the  curly  threads 
on  its  leaf  margin,  it  is  known  as  the  palma  china,  or 
curly  Yucca,  and  toward  San  Luis  Potosi  it  is  associated 
with  the  palma  samandoca  (  Y.  australis},  which  appears 
to  be  entirely  absent  from  the  highlands  of  Zacatecas, 
though  it  replaces  Y.  valida  to  the  east  of  the  city  of  San 
Luis  Potosi. 

444.  Leaves  large,  very  coarsely  filiferous,  the  back  very   scabrous 
except  in  the  last. 

Y.  BACCATA  Torrey,  Bot.  Bound.  221.  (1859). —  Baker, 
Gard.  Chron.  1870 :  923.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot. 
18  :  229. — Engelmann,  Bot.  King.  496.  Trans.  Acad. 
St.  Louis.  3:44.— Andr(S,  Rev.  Hort.  59  :  368. /. 
73,  75.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  14:252. — 
Coulter,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb.  2  :  436.  —  Havard, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Natl.  Mus.  1885  :  516.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot. 
€1.  22  :  119.  23:  37.  —  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl. 
Herb.  4:  202.  —  Merriam,  N.  A.  Fauna.  7:  352.  pi. 
12.  —  Gard.  Chron.  iii.  28:  103.  /.  27.  —  Garden, 
16  :  516.  /.  35  :  585.  /.  55  :  81.  /.  —  Britton  & 
Brown,  111.  Fl.  1 :  426.  /.  1025.  —  ?  Kept.  U.  S. 
Dept.  Agr.  1870 :  418.  pi.  25.  —  Belg.  Hort.  3O  : 
266.  —111.  Hort.  2O  :  23.  pi.  115. 
Low,  usually  from  a  stout  prostrate  short-branched  caudex.  Leaves 

rigidly  spreading,  bluish  green,  about  .6  m.  long  and  50  mm.  wide,  con- 


HO  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

cave,  shagreen-roughened,  narrowly  brown-bordered,  coarsely  flliferous. 
Flowers  very  large  for  the  genus,  oblong-campanulate,  the  lanceolate 
segments  about  75  mm.  long:  style  slender,  elongated,  gradually  taper- 
ing; stigmatic  lobes  short.  Fruit  very  large  (as  much  as  200  mm.  long), 
mostly  conical-ovoid,  with  adnate  calyx-disk  and  filament  bases  :  seeds 
7  X  9  to  10  mm-  —  Plates  68-69.  85,  f.  4. 

Trinidad,  Colorado,  to  Silver  City,  N.  Mex.,  and  west 
to  southern  Nevada.  —  Plate  97,  f.  2. 

This,  the  first  discovered  of  the  western  fleshy-fruited 
Yuccas,  differs  from  the  species  which  have  been  confounded 
with  it  in  its  prostrate  caudex,  the  crowns  of  which  rarely 
rise  much  above  the  earth,  its  very  large  pendent  flowers, 
and  its  decidedly  conical  large  fruit  with  the  base  of  the 
perianth  adnate  as  a  conspicuous  disk,  and  the  bases  of  the 
filaments  forming  fleshy  papillae,  as  in  Y.  aloifolia.  A 
note  by  Dr.  Palmer*  on  the  uses  made  of  Y.  baccata  by 
the  Indians,  and  many  of  the  published  references  under 
this  name,  may  refer  to  the  next  species,  while  the  Yucca 
baccata  of  the  Pacific  coast  is  what  is  here  called  Y. 
Mohavensis. 

Y.  MACROCARPA  (Torrey)  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb. 
4:202.  (1893).  —  Havard,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club. 
23  :37. 

T.  baccata  macrocarpa  Torrey,  Bot.  Bound.  221.  (1859). 

Y.  baccata  australis  Havard,  Proc.  U.  S.  Natl.  Mus.  8  :  470,  516. 

Arborescent,  subsimple,  becoming  3  to  5  m.  high.  Leaves  yellowish- 
green,  .5  to  1  m.  long,  40  to  50mm.  wide,  usually  rough,  concave,  coarsely 
flliferous.  Panicle  glabrous  or  occasionally  pubescent,  the  bracts  at  first 
often  brownish.  Flowers  mostly  more  globose  and  smaller  (the  perianth 
segments  usually  about  40  mm.  long).  Fruit  oblong,  not  usually  as 
large  as  in  Y.  baccata:  seeds  5  to  6  X  6  to  8  mm.  —  Plates  70.  71  85 
f.  5.  86,  f.  2. 

Las  Cruces,  N.  M.,  to  the  Dragoon  pass,  Ariz.,  northern 
Chihuahua,  and  the  vicinity  of  Presidio.  —  Plate  98, 
f.l. 

On  the  plains  of  western  Texas,  near  the  Limpio,  and  in 


*  Amer.  Journ.  Pharmacy.  50:  586.  (1878). 


THE   YUCCEAE.  Ill 

the  vicinity  of  Presidio  del  Norte,  Dr.  Bigelow  is  said  to 
have  found  a  Yucca  3  to  5  m.  high,  with  leaves  almost 
exactly  like  those  of  Y.  baccata,  and  longer  though  not 
thicker  fruit,  for  which  Dr.  Torrey  proposed  the  name  of 
Y.  baccata  macrocarpa.  In  1871,  Dr.  Engelmann*  merged 
this  form  with  Y.  baccata,  noting  that  though  northward  a 
low  plant,  this  species  becomes  a  tree  farther  south ;  but  in 
his  notes  on  the  genus,  published  two  years  later, f  he 
accords  names  to  two  forms  of  Y.  baccata,  the  typical  sub- 
acaulescent,  large-flowered  and  long-styled  plant,  which  he 
calls  forma  genuina,  and  the  southern  branched  arborescent 
plant  with  smaller  flowers  and  shorter  style,  which  he  calls 
variety  australis,  noting  that  certain  California  specimens 
are  intermediate  in  foliage  between  the  northern  and  south- 
ern extremes. 

In  discussing  the  plants  collected  or  studied  by  the 
Death  Valley  expedition,  Mr.  Coville  applied  the  name  Y. 
macrocarpa  to  the  baccate  tree  Yucca  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia and  southern  Nevada,  with  the  qualification  that 
though  he  had  not  had  an  opportunity  to  investigate  the 
identity  of  this  Mohave  Desert  species  with  the  West 
Texas  form  to  which  Dr.  Torrey  had  applied  the  name 
varietally  under  Y.  baccata,  they  were  supposed  to  be  the 
same ;  and  Dr.  Merriam  accepted  this  conclusion  in  his 
account  of  the  distribution  of  the  tree  in  the  Death  Valley 
region. 

On  the  occasion  of  the  flowering  of  a  Yucca  trunk  re- 
ceived by  the  New  York  Museum  of  Natural  History  from 
Sierra  Blanca,  Texas,  Professor  Sargent, J  in  publishing  a 
figure  of  it,  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  specific  name 
macrocarpa  should  be  limited  to  this  tree  of  western  Texas; 
and  the  next  year  §  he  proposed  for  the  California  plant 

*  Bot.  King.  496. 

t  Trans.  Acad.  Sci,  St.  Louis.  3 : 44. 
J  Gard.  &  Forest.  8  :  301. /.  42.  (1895). 
§  Gard.  &  Forest.  9  :  104. 


112  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

the  name  Y.  Mohavensis,  and  followed  the  conclusions 
then  reached  in  his  subsequent  treatment  in  the  Silva  *  of 
the  two  forms,  the  Yucca  macrocarpa  in  both  instances 
being  the  tree  which  occurs  about  Sierra  Blanca  with  the 
true  Y.  macrocarpa  but  possesses  a  gamophyllous  perianth 
and  is  here  treated  as  one  of  the  types  of  the  genus 
Samuela . 

Though  leaves  resembling  those  of  Y.  baccata  have  occa- 
sionally  been  brought  in  from  the  general  vicinity  of  El 
Paso,  Texas,  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  New  Mexico,  out  of 
the  range  of  Y.  baccata,  together  with  some  photographs 
showing  a  tree-like  growth,  and  flowers  of  smaller  size  than 
those  of  Y.  baccata,  the  absence  of  herbarium  material  rep- 
resenting the  original  collections  of  Y.  baccata  macro- 
carpa indicated  the  desirability  of  making  collections  of  all 
of  the  arborescent  Yuccas  of  the  great  bend  of  the  Eio 
Grande,  and  for  this  purpose,  in  August,  1900,  I  drove 
from  Marfa,  on  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  to  Presidio, 
on  the  river,  finding  at  intervals  the  plant  of  El  Paso  and 
New  Mexico,  and,  in  sandy  places,  Y.  radiosa  (which 
seems  not  to  have  been  noted  by  the  boundary  botanists), 
but,  rather  unexpectedly,  no  trace  of  the  Sierra  Blanca 
tree  figured  by  Professor  Sargent  as  Y.  macrocarpa.  The 
latter,  then,  may  be  eliminated  as  certainly  not  the  plant 
to  which  the  name  macrocarpa  was  applied  by  Dr.  Torrey, 
though  the  latter  also  occurs  at  Sierra  Blanca. 

Yucca  macrocarpa,  as  it  occurs  in  the  vicinity  of  Presidio 
and  thence  in  general  west  to  south-central  Arizona  and 
north  to  Las  Cruces,  when  seen  from  a  distance  resembles 
considerably  Y.  Treculeana,  though  usually  of  a  yellower- 
green  foliage  than  that  species.  The  trunk  very  rarely 
branches,  and  is  usually  2  or  3  m.  high,  though  occasional 
specimens  are  seen  exceeding  5  meters.  Its  concave  stiff 
leaves  are  usually  .6  or  .9  m.  long  and  about  40  mm.  wide, 
though  sometimes  reaching  a  length  of  over  a  meter,  and, 

*  Silva.  10:  13.  pi.  499.    15.  pi.  500. 


THE   YUCCEAE.  113 

•as  in  Y.  baccata,  they  are  rough  like  shagreen  on  the  back 
and  frequently  on  the  upper  surface  as  well,  and  very 
coarsely  .gray  filiferous.  The  flowers  and  fruit  are  as  de- 
scribed by  Dr.  Torrey,  though  the  latter  varies  greatly  in 
form  and  size.  Specimens  in  the  Engelmann  Herbarium, 
collected  by  Dr.  Wislizenus  between  El  Paso  and  Chihuahua, 
show  that  to  this  extent  the  Y.  baccata  australis  of  Engel- 
mann included  this  species,  though  in  large  part  it  referred 
to  other  things,  principally  what  is  called  Y.  australis  above. 

Y.  MOHAVENSIS  Sargent,  Gard.  and  For.  9: 104.  (1896). 
Silva.  10: 15.  pi.  500. 

Y.  macrocarpa  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Herb.  4:202.  (1893).  In 
large  part.  —  Merriam,  N.  Amer.  Fauna  7:358.  pi.  14. 

Y.  baccata  Watson,  Bot.  Calif.  2 :  164.  —  Trelease,  Kept.  Mo.  Bot. 
Gard.  3  : 162.  pi.  2, 48.  4  : 185.  pi.  20.  —  Amer.  Florist.  8  :  57.  f.  — 
Orcutt,  West  Amer.  Scientist.  6  :  134. 

Y.  schidigera  Roezl,  Belg.  Hort.  1880 :  51. 

Habit  and  general  characters  of  the  preceding.  Style  very  short, 
contracted.  Fruit  mostly  smaller.  —  Plates  68.  81 ,  f.  6. 

Western  Arizona  and  Southern  Nevada  to  the  vicinity  of 
San  Diego,  California,  and  Alamo,  Lower  Calif ornia,  and  as 
far  north  as  Monterey,  where  Parry  first  collected  it.  — 
Plate  94,  f.  1. 

Though  the  principal  observed  difference  between  this 
and  the  preceding  lies  in  the  style,  which  is  contracted  and 
short  in  the  one,  and  elongated  in  the  other,  the  great  area 
of  desert  country  lying  between  their  known  respective 
localities  makes  it  desirable  to  recognize  them  as  distinct 
species.  From  the  locality  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
what  Roezl  collected  near  San  Diego  in  1869  and  sold  to 
De  Smet  under  the  name  of  Y.  schidigera  was  Y. 
Mahavensis,  which  Dr.  Engelmann  regarded  as  intermediate 
between  Y.  baccata  and  its  variety  australis  as  understood 
by  him. 


In  addition  to  the  names  applied  in  this  paper  as    syn- 
onyms or  otherwise  to  various  species  of  Yucca  or  other 


114  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

yuccoid  genera,  the  following,  mostly  spurious,  Yuccas  are 

to  be  accounted  for :  — 

Y.  acaulis  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  Sp.  1  :289.  (1815). 

Said  by  Engelmann  (Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  :  55)  to  be  a  Fourcroya, 
and  by  Baker  (Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  18 :  231)  to  consist  of  leaves  of  an 
Agave  or  Fourcroya  and  flowers  of  a  Yucca.  It  is  said  by  the  describer  to 
be  called  locally  "maguay  de  Cocuy,"  and  to  occur  abundantly  near  Car- 
acas and  Cumana.  The  ovary  is  said  to  be  superior,  but  the  filaments  are 
described  as  dilated  at  base  and  the  flowers  are  particularly  compared 
with  those  of  Agave  Cubensis  ( now  called  Furcraea  Cubensis)  which  Hum- 
boldt  elsewhere  (Pol.  Essay  on  the  Kingdom  of  New  Spain.  2  :472.  —  ed. 
3.  transl.  by  Black)  states  is  called  "maguey  de  Cocuy"  in  the  provinces 
of  Caracas  and  Cumana,  so  that  it  is  doubtless  F.  yeminispina  Jacobi, 
which  has  the  marginal  prickles  bifid,  as  those  of  Y.  acaulis  are  said  to  be. 
1'.  acrotricha  Schiede,  Linnaea.  4  : 230.  (1829). 

Briefly  described  from  foliage  specimens  only,  and  subsequently  and 
correctly  named  Dasylirion  acrotricha  by  Zuccarini  (PI.  Nov.  v.  min.  cogn. 
4  :  223,  228.pl.  1). 
1'.  aletriformis  Haworth,  Phil.  Mag.  1831 :  415.  — South  Africa. 

Obviously,  from  the  locality,  if  correctly  given,  not  a  Yucca,  but  as  yet, 
so  far  as  I  know,  unplaced. 
Y.  angustifolia  Karwinsky  in  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  707.  (1839).  [ed.  3]. 

Is  Y.  stenophylla  Steudel,  mentioned  below. 
I".  Barrancasecca  Pasquale,  Cat.  R.  Orto  Bot.  di  Napoli.  108.  (1867). 

From  the  statement  that  the  leaves  are  fibrillate  at  end,  it  may  be  in- 
ferred that  this  plant,  cultivated  in  the  Naples  garden,  is  a  Dasylirion, 
but  its  leaves,  which  are  described  as  1  meter  long  and  3  to  4  cm.  wide, 
and  by  implication  entire,  are  large  and  differ  in  their  fibrillate  end  from 
those  of  the  described  species  of  that  genus  with  entire  leaves. 
y.  Boscii  Desfontaines,  Tableau  de  1'Ecole  de  Bot.  du  Jard.  du  Boi. 
28,  274.  (1815).  [ed.  2]. 

This    catalogue    name,   without    description  and   doubtfully  placed 
under  the  genus  Yucca  by  its  author,  is  now  by  general  consent  referred 
as  a  synonym  to  Agave  geminiflora  Gawler.    Nuttall  (Trans.  Amer.  Phil. 
Soc.  5  :  156),  refers  to  it  as  from  Upper  Carolina, 
y.  graminifolia  Zuccarini,  Cat.  Hort.  Monac.  1837. 

Referred  to  the  genus  Dasylirion  under  the  same  specific  name  by 
Zuccarini  (Allgem.  Gartenzeit.  1838.  —  Plant,  nov.  vel  min.  cogn.  4: 
225.  pl.l. — Neumann,  Rev.  Hort.  ii.  4:250).  I  am  indebted  to  Pro- 
fessor Radlkofer  for  bits  of  the  type  from  Zuccarini's  herbarium,  at 
Munich, 
y.  horrida  Steudel,  Nomenclator.  2:  795.  (1841).  [ed.  2]. 

Mentioned  by  name  only,  ascribed  to  Humboldt,  and  stated  to  be  a 
synonym  of  Y.  spinosa,  which  is  referred  to  below. 


THE   YUCCEAE.  115 

Y.  longifolia  Karwinsky  in  Schultes,  Syst.  Veg.  172: 1715.  (1830). 

This  was  referred  to  the  genus  Dasylirion,  under  the  same  specific 
name,  by  Zuccarini  (Allgem.  Gartenzeit.  1838.  —  PI.  nov.  v.  min.  cogn. 
4  :  224.  pi.  1.—  Regel,  Gartenflora.  8  :  37),  and  afterward  and  apparently 
correctly  to  Beaucarnea,  under  the  same  name,  by  Baker  (Lond.  Journ. 
Bot.  1872  :  324).  Herasley  (Biol.  Cent.-Amer.  3  :  372)  uses  the  same 
specific  name  under  the  equivalent  genus  Nolina.  Professor  Radlkofer 
has  kindly  sent  me  specimens  from  the  plants  still  cultivated  at  Munich, 
from  Karwinsky's  seeds. 
Y.  pitcairnifolia  Karwinsky  in  Sweet,  Hort.Brit.  707.  (1839).  [ed.  3.] 

Published  without  description  but  ascribed  to  Mexico,  and  from  the 
specific  name  perhaps  the  plant  collected  by  Karwinsky  to  which  Zucca- 
rini (Allgem.  Gartenzeit.  6 :  258)  gave  this  specific  name  under  the  genus 
Dasylirion,  from  which  in  1840  he  transferred  it  to  Hechtia  under  the 
specific  name  glomerata,  (Plant,  nov.  v.  min.  cogn.  4:  240.  pi.  6). 
Y.  rubescens  Pasquale,  Cat.  R.  Ort.  Bot.  di  Napoli.  108.  (1867). 

A  catalogue  name  only,  not  capable  of  being  placed. 
F.  serratifolia  Karwinsky  in  Schultes,  Syst.  Veg.  172  :  1716.  (1830). 

This  was  correctly  referred  to  Dasylirion,  under  the   same   specific 
name,  by  Zuccariui  (Allgem.  Gartzenzeit.  1838.  —  Plant,   nov.  v.  min. 
cogn.  4  :  225).    I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  Radlkofer  for  specimens  from 
plants  still  cultivated  in  Munich,  from  Karwinsky's  seeds. 
1'.  spinosa  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  Sp.  1  :  289.  (1815). 

The  original  specimen  of  this,  from  Actopan,  Mexico,  in  the  Berlin 
herbarium,  is  said  by  Engelmann  (Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis.  3  :  24,  55)  to 
be  composed  of  the  flowers  of  Yucca,  similar  to  those  of  Y.  Treculeana 
(which  occurs  in  that  region)  and  the  leaves  of  Dasylirion  acrotrichum. 
It  would  be  very  far-fetched  to  apply  this  name,  based  on  foreign  leaves, 
to  Y.  Treculeana,  over  which  it  has  long  priority. 
F.  stenophylla  Steudel,  Nomenclator.  2  :  795.  (1841).  [ed.  2]. 

This  name,  without  description,  which  is  substituted  for  Karwinsky's 
name  F.  angustifolia,  pertains  to  a  Mexican  plant,  which  might  equally 
well  belong  to  Yucca,  Beaucarnea,  or  Dasylirion,  and  concerning  which  I 
have  been  able  to  get  no  information. 

The  following  artificial  hybrids  which  Mr.  Sprenger  pro- 
poses fully  characterizing  shortly,  but  which  can  not  be 
placed  even  in  the  analytical  key  given  above,  are  included 
by  him  in  two  trade  lists,  issued  respectively  in  September, 
1901,  and  January,  1902  :— 

1'.  X  albella  Sprenger,  Lists  1,  2. 

Y.  X  elegantissima    Sprenger,  Lists   1,  2.     (Y.  ftlamentosa  major  $  X 
F.  gloriosa). 


116                             MISSOURI    BOTANICAL  GARDEN. 

F.  X  Elmensis   Sprenger,  Lists  1,   2.      (F.  Jilamentosa  major    $X    5". 

gloriosa}. 

Y.  X  Guiglielmi    Sprenger,    Lists    1,2.  (  Y.    Jilamentosa     9    X    1~- 


y.  X  Imperator  Sprenger,  Lists    1,   2.     (F.  Jilamentosa   major    9  X  5~- 

gloriosa  glauca  pendula~)  . 
Y.Xmiacea   Sprenger,   Lists   1,   2.    (Y.  Jilamentosa   ?  X  "  ^    rupcs- 

tri*  "  [rupj'cota]  ). 

F.  X  magnifica,  Sprenger,  Lists  1,2.    (Y.flaccida  $  X  Y.  gloriosa}. 
Y.  X  margaritacea    Sprenger,    Lists   1,     2.    (F.     Jilamentosa    and     F. 

grZon'osa). 

1'.  X  praecox,  Sprenger,  Lists  1,  2.     (  F.  Jilamentosa  and    F.  gloriosa'). 
Y.  X  Treleasii  Sprenger,  Lists  1,  2. 
F.  X  viridijlora  Sprenger,  Lists  1,  2. 
F.  X  Vomerensis  Sprenger,  Lists  1,  2.    (F.  aloifolia  9  X  Y-  gloriosa). 

SAMUEL,  A  Trelease. 

Perianth  openly  campanulate,  salver-  or  funnel-form,  of  thin  broadly 
lanceolate  segments  the  narrowed  bases  of  which  are  connate  into  a 
distinct  conical  or  cylindrical  tube.  Filaments  thick,  inserted  in  the 
throat,  outcurved  above;  anthers  sagittate,  horizontal.  Ovary  narrowly 
oblong,  longer  than  the  oblong  3-grooved  style  ;  stigma  unequally  6-lobed, 
openly  perforate.  Fruit  6-celled,  pendent,  baccate  about  a  papery  core. 
Seeds  thick,  marginless,  with  ruminated  albumen.  —  Low  but  rather 
thick  trees  with  large  rigid  pungent  coarsely  filiferous  leaves  and  ample 
large-bracted  panicle  the  branches  of  which  long  end  in  broad  bract- 
covered  buds. 

Two  trees  to  which,  as  it  chances,  no  published  specific 
names  are  applicable,  though  of  the  general  habit,  floral 
plan  and  fruit  and  seed  characters  of  the  baccate  Yuccas,  are 
distinguished  from  all  known  Yuccas  in  having  the  perianth 
distinctly  tubular  and  gamophyllous  below,  with  the  sta- 
mens becomingfree  only  at  its  throat;  and  these  characters, 
marking  a  very  great  deviation  from  the  floral  structure  of 
Yucca  proper,  seem  to  necessitate  their  separation  from 
that  genus,  and  the  provision  for  them  of  a  new  genus, 
which  is  dedicated  to  my  little  son,  Sam  Farlow  Trelease, 
who,  in  the  springs  of  1900  and  1902  accompanied  and 
materially  aided  me  in  a  field  study  of  both  species  of 
this  genus  and  of  the  Mexican  and  Central  American 
Yuccas. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  117 

The  species  may  be  differentiated  as  follows :  — 

Perianth-tube  conical,  under  10  mm.  long.  g.  Faxoniana. 

Perianth-tube  12  to  25  mm.  long.  g.  Carnerosana. 

S.  Faxoniana  Trelease. 

Yucca  australis  Trelease,  Kept.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4 : 190.  pL  4,  5. 

Coulter,  Contr.  U.  S.  Natl.  Mus.  2  :  436,  in  part. 
r.  macrocarpa  Sargent,  Gard.  &  Forest.  8  :  301,  305.  /.  42.    9  :  104.  - 

Silva.  10 : 13.  pi.  499. 

Arboreous,  1.5  to  5  m.  high,  .3  to  .6  m.  thick,  simple  or  few  branched 
at  top.  Leaves  50  to  75  mm.  wide,  1  to  1.25  m.  long,  openly  concave  to 
the  end,  shagreen-scabrid  only  on  the  dorsal  angles  if  at  all,  coarsely 
flliferous  but  at  length  with  only  a  few  persistent  short  pectinate  threads 
near  the  apex  and  a  cobwebby  mass  of  detached  fibers  at  base.  Panicle 
short  stalked,  broadly  pyramidal,  rather  loosely  branched,  with  very  large 
persistent  at  length  brittle  white  bracts.  Flowers  expanding  50  to  100  mm., 
white;  perianth  tube  scant  10  mm.  long.  Fruit  oblong-ovoid,  25  to  76 
mm.  long  and  25  mm.  in  diameter.  —  Plates  69-71.  78,  f.  2.  81,f.  11. 

About  Sierra  Blanca,  Texas,  and  presumably  extending 
southwards  into  Mexico.  — Plate  94,  f.  2. 

Travelers  who  pass  Sierra  Blanca,  in  western  Texas,  by 
daylight,  are  usually  interested  in  the  scattering  forest  of 
low  Ywcca-like  trees  covering  the  surrounding  country,  a 
number  of  which  are  planted  about  the  section-house  and 
in  what  was  formerly  a  very  attractive  collection  of  succu- 
lents at  the  railroad  station. 

In  the  absence  of  type  material  or  any  collections  from 
the  type  localities,  these  trees  have  been  considered  to 
represent 'the  Yucca  baccata  macrocarpa  of  Torrey,  and, 
under  the  name  Y.  macrocarpa  or  its  partial  synonym 
Y>  australis,  are  described  and  figured  in  several  places. 
Associated  with  them  are  numerous  specimens  of  Y.  radiosa 
and,  in  smaller  numbers,  the  true  Y.  macrocarpa  of  the 
great  bend  of  the  Rio  Grande,  which,  as  has  been  shown 
above,  is  a  well-marked  species  and  preserves  all  of  the 
floral  characters  of  a  true  Yucca;  and,  as  indicative  of  their 
probable  range  to  the  southward,  it  may  be  mentioned  that 
they  are  accompanied  by  Agave  applanata,  which,  in  its 
typical  form,  is  not  known  elsewhere  in  the  United  States. 


118  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

As  it  occurs  from  a  little  way  east  of  Sierra  Blanca  to 
the  vicinity  of  Malone,  this  tree  is  usually  2  or  3m.  high, 
rarely  reaching  5  meters,  and  the  thin-barked  stem,  which 
may  reach  a  diameter  of  about  half  a  meter,  very  rarely 
branches,  though  occasionally  one  or  two  ascending 
branches  are  produced.  Well  developed  plants,  even  if 
small,  differ  conspicuously  from  those  of  Yucca  macrocarpa 
in  their  rounder  head  and  the  usually  greater  number  of 
their  spreading  leaves,  which,  smooth  or  at  most  slightly 
roughened  on  the  occasional  dorsal  angles,  are  of  a  crab- 
apple  green,  openly  concave  to  the  very  short  stout  spine, 
and  though  at  first  coarsely  filiferous,  later  have  only  a  few 
short  pectinate  thickish  fibers  toward  the  tip,  while  the 
remainder  become  detached  to  the  base,  where  they  remain 
in  a  loosely  cobwebby  mass  between  the  leaves,  which  in  age 
become  reflexed  and  normally  persist  as  a  thatch  on  the 
trunk  even  to  its  base.  On  vigorous  plants  the  leaves 
attain  a  width  of  75  mm.  and  a  length  of  1.25  m. 

This  species,  which  is  well  described  by  Professor  Sar- 
gent, under  the  name  Yucca  macrocarpa,  I  take  pleasure  in 
dedicating  to  Mr.  C.  E.  Faxon,  whose  excellent  figures  of 
it  in  the  Silva  faithfully  represent  its  technical  characters. 

S.  Carnerosana  Trelease. 

A  simple  or  rarely  slightly  branched  tree,  1.5  to  6  m.  high,  at  length 
.7  m.  in  diameter.  Leaves  as  in  the  last.  Panicle  on  a  stout  white- 
bracted  stalk,  densely  branched  close  above  the  leaves,  glabrous  or 
exceptionally  tomentose.  Flowers  expanding  75  to  100  mm.;  the  cylin- 
drical tube  12  to  25  mm.  long.  Fruit  oblong,  50  to  75  mm.  long,  40  mm. 
in  diameter :  seeds  7  to  9  X  8  to  10  mm.  —  Frontispiece  to  article  and 
plates  72-75.  76,f.  1,  77.  81,  f.  12.  83,  f.  2. 

Northeastern  Mexico,  from  the  Carneros  pass  to  about 
Catorce  and  Cardenas. — Plate  94,  f.  2. 

Some  years  since,  Mr.  C.  G.  Pringle  made  characteris- 
tically excellent  herbarium  specimens  of  a  tree  which 
forms  large  forests  about  Carneros,  Mexico,  which  were 
distributed  as  doubtfully  representing  a  variety  of  Yucca 


THE    YUCCEAE.  119 

fiaccata.  These  specimens  (nos.  2841,  3912),  represent 
another  species  of  Samuela,  which,  from  near  the  city  of 
Saltillo  extends  southwards,  on  the  mountain  slopes  and  in 
the  higher  valleys,  to  some  distance  below  the  Tropic  of 
Cancer,  and  is  especially  abundant  in  the  higher  valleys 
about  Carneros  pass,  where  the  Mexican  National  railroad 
crosses  the  mountains  south  of  Saltillo,  and  about  Las 
Tablas  on  the  Tampico  branch  of  the  Mexican  Central. 

Like  the  preceding  species,  this  is  a  low  round-headed 
tree,  very  rarely  bearing  one  or  two  short  branches  at  the 
apex,  and  thus  in  marked  contrast  with  the  branched 
shorter-leaved  Y.  australis  which  accompanies  it  in 
small  numbers  about  Carneros  and  elsewhere.  The  leaves 
vary  considerably  in  thickness,  and  the  thinner  ones  are 
usually  a  little  plicate  though  they  are  still  thick  and  rigid. 
The  very  thick  fibers  of  the  leaves  distributed  by  Mr. 
Pringle  are  exceptional.  The  axis  of  inflorescence,  which, 
though  usually  erect,  is  sometimes  arched  over  by  the 
weight  of  the  enormous  panicle,  is  unusually  succulent  and 
devoid  of  fiber,  so  that  a  stalk  as  thick  as  one's  wrist  can 
be  severed  by  a  single  cut  of  a  pocket-knife.  A  striking 
feature  of  both  species  of  the  genus,  but  particularly 
marked  in  8.  Carnerosana,  is  the  compact  depressed  bud, 
as  much  as  100  mm.  in  diameter,  in  which  each  branch  of 
the  panicle  ends  until  blooming  is  far  advanced.  Even 
from  a  distance,  the  pure  waxen-white  fragrant  flowers, 
which  remain  expanded  to  an  unexpected  degree  during 
the  daytime,  are  marked  by  their  cylindrical  tube  which 
gives  them  the  appearance  of  those  of  Polianthes,  though 
the  ovary  is  free  from  the  perianth,  as  in  other  Liliaceae. 
The  fruit  of  both  species,  like  that  of  the  baccate  Yuccas 
of  the  southwest,  is  usually  greenish-yellow,  though  some- 
times tinged  with  red  or  purple,  and  the  soft  sweet  pulp  is 
pale. 


120  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 


ECONOMIC    USES. 

In  contrast  with  the  Aloineae,  the  Yucceae  possess  very 
fibrous  leaves  comparable  with  those  of  the  agavoid  Amaryl- 
lidaceae,  and  local  use  is  made  of  the  fiber*  almost  every- 
where that  the  plants  grow.  In  the  southeastern  United 
States,  and  as  far  west  as  the  Indian  Territory,  the  leaves 
of  species  of  Yucca  of  the  filamentosa  group,  commonly 
called  "  bear-grass,"  are  much  used  for  domestic  purposes 
such  as  making  seats  for  chairs  and  especially  hanging  meat, 
for  which  they  are  so  much  prized  in  the  country  that  the 
plants  are  commonly  tolerated  as  weeds  in  cultivated  fields 
from  which  other  wild  plants  are  eradicated.  In  Mexico 
and  our  southwestern  states  the  fiber  of  several  of  the  bac- 
cate species  is  crudely  cleaned  and  put  to  various  local  uses, 
cordage  included. f  The  long  leavesof  "  palma  loca  "  (  Y. 
Treculeana),  with  coarse  fiber,  and  "izote"  (  Y.  Schottii 
Jaliscensis} ,  with  fine  fiber,  are  apparently  of  considerable 
use  in  this  manner,  respectively  in  the  eastern  and  western 
parts  of  Mexico.  About  the  Carneros  pass,  where  it  is 
very  abundant,  Samuela  Carnerosanais  similarly  used,  and 
Dr.  Millspaugh  informs  me  that  Ifesperaloe funifera  is  re- 
ported as  planted  for  its  fiber  about  Bustemente,  in  the 
Mexican  state  of  Nuevo  Leon.  The  fiber  of  Hesperoyucca 
is  said  by  Palmer  (/.  c.)to  be  fine  and  excellent.  Cleaning 
the  fiber  of  all  of  these  plants  appears  to  be  attended  with 
the  general  difficulties  that  make  the  commercial  preparation 
of  Agave  fibers  unsatisfactory,  but  I  have  seen  machine- 
cleaned  fiber  of  Yucca  australis  that  appeared  fairly  good, 
and  it  may  be  that  notwithstanding  its  shortness  the  fiber 
of  these  abundant  large  palma  trees  of  the  Mexican  table- 
land will  ultimately  be  used  in  quantity  for  the  cheaper 
kinds  of  bagging,  etc. 

*  See  Naudin,  Kev.  Hort.  1855:  141-9.  —  Porcher,  Resources  of  So. 
Fields  and  Forests.  530-1. 

t  Palmer,  Amer.  Journ.  Pharmacy.  50  :  586. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  121 

The  trunks  of  the  species  of  Yucca,  Clistoyucca  and 
Samuela  are  occasionally  used  for  palisade  construction, 
and  in  the  Carneros  pass  I  have  seen  houses  built  almost 
entirely  of  material  obtained  from  S.  Carnerosana, —  the 
walls  of  palisade-like  trunks  set  on  end,  and  the  roof 
thatched  with  the  leaves.  Attempts  have  been  made  to  use 
the  fiber  of  Clistoyucca  for  paper-pulp,*  of  which  a  fair 
grade  can  be  made  notwithstanding  the  gumminess  of  the 
tissues ;  and  the  trunks  have  sometimes  been  turned  into 
coarse  veneers  for  wrapping  bottles,  etc.,  as  is  commonly 
done  with  soft  dicotyledonous  woods  like  the  cottonwood. 

The  group  generally  seems  to  possess  the  saponifying 
properties  of  the  Agaves,  so  that  the  stems  and  root  stocks 
are  not  infrequently  used  as  amoles,^  and  a  considerable 
quantity  of  vegetable  soap  is  claimed  to  be  made  from  Y. 
baccata,  Y.  glauca,  and,  judging  from  illustrations  in  ad- 
vertising matter,  Y.  radiosa. 

Notwithstanding  their  stiff-pointed  leaves,  the  species 
which  grow  in  the  south  western  grazing  country  are  attract- 
ive to  cattle  in  the  flowering  season,  and  the  animals  often 
display  some  dexterity  and  no  little  courage  in  riding  down 
the  smaller  trees  or  otherwise  getting  at  their  succulent 
flower -clusters,  which  are  further  gathered  and  carried  in  to 
be  fed  to  sheep  and  other  animals  in  some  cases,  as,  for 
instance,  in  the  Carneros  pass,  where  I  have  seen  large 
cart  loads  of  the  great  panicles  of  /Samuela  Carnerosana 
being  taken  to  the  hamlet  for  this  purpose.  In  their  early 
stages,  too,  the  inflorescence  of  Yucca,  Hesperoyucca  and 
Samuela  is  said  to  be  either  boiled  or  roasted  and  used 
for  human  food  or  even  eaten  raw.t  Like  the  crowns  of 
'*  sotol  "  (Dasylirion} ,  the  nearly  fiberless  trunks  of  the 
southern  Samuela  are  decorticated  or  split  open  so  that  they 
can  be  eaten  by  stock. 


*  Palmer,  1.  c.—  Shinn,  Amer.   Agriculturist.    1891 :  689.  —  Land  of 
Sunshine.  10*1,  and  advertisement, 
f  See  Palmer,  I.  c.- 
J  See  Palmer,  1.  c.  —  The  Garden.  24: 104,  —  frpm  N.  Y.  Tribune. 


122  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

As  a  rule,  the  fruits  of  the  baccate  species  of  Yucca  and 
of  Samuela  are  promptly  eaten  by  birds,  rats,  etc.,  but 
domesticated  animals  are  said  to  like  them,  and,  being  quite 
sugary,  they  are  enjoyed  by  the  Indian  and  Mexican  chil- 
dren, who  commonly  call  them  figs  or  dates.  All  that  I 
have  tasted  possess,  in  combination  with  their  sweetness,  a 
characteristic  bitterness,  which  makes  them  somewhat  un- 
palatable, and  those  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  and  Mexican 
region  possess  a  rather  viscid  pulp  which  renders  them 
unpleasant  to  handle  when  broken.  My  friend  Mr.  Bur- 
bidge  has  compared  the  fruit  of  Yucca  aloifolia  with  black- 
currant jam  with  a  little  admixture  of  quinine, — its  purple 
color  no  doubt  strengthening  the  suggestiveness. 

The  seeds  of  the  baccate  species  are  said  to  be  purga- 
tive, though  Palmer  (I.  c.)  says  that  the  seeds  of  Clisto- 
yucca  and  Hesperoyucca  are  ground  and  eaten,  either  raw 
or  as  "mush;  "  and  Gambold  (Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1819: 
251)  states  that  the  pounded  roots  are  used  as  a  fish  poison. 
It  would  be  interesting  to  have  their  active  principles  de- 
termined. 

All  of  the  species,  when  used  in  the  right  way,  are  of 
decorative  value.  Y.  filamentosa,  Y.  flaccida,  Y.  gloriosa, 
Y.  recurvifolia,  Y.  glauca,  Y.  baccata,  and  Y.  Harri- 
maniae  appear  to  be  hardy  as  far  north  as  St.  Louis,  and 
Y.  Treculeana  is  reported  frost-hardy  at  Angers,  France 
(Garden.  12:  369),  but  the  other  species,  so  far  as  tested, 
demand  a  climate  scarcely  less  mild  than  that  of  our 
southern  states,  California  or  the  Riviera. 

PHYLOGENY  AND  ECOLOGY. 

Little  can  be  said  as  to  the  origin  or  mode  of  specializa- 
tion of  the  Yucceae.  They  are  characteristic  xerophytes, 
even  those  which  grow  in  the  moist  climates  frequently 
having  a  preference  for  dry  places,  such  as  sand  dunes. 
Their  underground  parts  are  frequently  fleshy  and  very 
tenacious  of  life,  their  stems  hold  a  considerable  amount 


THE    YUCCEAE.  123 

of  moisture,  and  their  leaves  are  well  guarded  against 
undue  transpiration.  Like  other  arboreous  Liliaceae,  their 
larger  representatives  produce  the  impression  of  being  the 
culmination  of  a  vegetative  type  perhaps  formerly  of  wide 
distribution,  but  now  barely  able  to  hold  its  own  except 
in  desert  regions  where  competition  between  plants  is 
less  than  elsewhere,  while  structural  adaptation  enables 
them  to  endure  the  rigors  of  this  last  resort,  —  in  a 
sense,  therefore,  recalling  the  bald  cypress  (Taxodium) 
among  conifers,  which  for  similar  reasons  has  betaken 
itself  to  the  other  extreme  of  deep  swamps.  I  know  of  no 
ecological  explanation  of  the  filif erous  shedding  of  the  leaf- 
margins  of  many  species. 

The  dissemination  arrangements  of  the  Yucceae  are  of 
the  more  highly  specialized  types.  Many  species,  consti- 
tuting the  genus  ffesperaloe,  Hesperoyucca,  and  the  capsular 
section  of  Yucca,  are  wind-disseminated,  with  thin  flat 
seeds  lifted  from  time  to  time  out  of  the  suberect  capsules 
by  gusts  of  wind.  In  Clistoyucca  the  indehiscent  mature 
fruit  is  spongy  and  light  and  apparently  adapted  to  being 
blown  about  by  the  desert  winds  after  the  manner  of  blad- 
der-fruits or  tumble-weeds.  Yucca  gloriosa  and  Y.  recur- 
vifolia  possess  fruits  which  do  not  dehisce,  though  their 
seeds  are  thin  and  flat ;  nor  do  they  become  edible  in  ripen- 
ing, but  dry  to  a  firm  almost  wooden  consistency, 
out  of  harmony  with  any  usual  mode  of  dissemination. 
All  of  the  baccate  species  of  Yucca  and  the  two  species  of 
Samuela  have  fleshy  edible  fruits  at  maturity,  and  their 
abundant  endosperm  suggests  an  adaptation  to  the  dry 
regions,  in  which  all  of  them,  so  far  as  known,  live,  with 
the  exception  of  Y.  aloifolia,  and,  perhaps,  Y.  elephantipes. 
That  they  have  been  derived  from  thin-seeded  capsular 
species  seems  more  probable  than  the  reverse,  and  the 
coreless  fruit  of  the  seaside  Y.  aloifolia  suggests  its 
independent  fruit  specialization  rather  than  a  genetic  con- 


124  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

nection  with  the  desert  species,  which  possess  a  firm, 
parchment-like  core  immediately  about  the  seeds. 

The  pollination  relations  of  nearly  all  of  the  group  are 
among  the  most  peculiar  and  exclusively  restricted  thus  far 
discovered.  Hesperaloe  secretes  much  nectar  and  appears 
adapted  to  birds,  as  are  the  Cape  aloes,  to  which  it  bears 
no  inconsiderable  resemblance  in  its  flowers.  The  other 
genera  are  sparingly  if  at  all  nectariferous,  though  all  have 
septal  glands,  which  are  rather  small  in  Clistoyucca,  but 
verv  large  in  the  others.  Yucca  aloifolia,  again  in  an 
exceptional  way,  appears  to  be  freely  self -fertile,  but  self- 
seeding  is  very  unusual  with  all  of  the  other  species  of 
this  genus,  as  it  appears  to  be  with  Hesperoyucca,  Clisto- 
yucca  and  Samuela.  These,  so  far  as  known,  depend  for 
their  pollination  upon  small  moths  belonging  to  the  tineid 
genus  Pronuba,  of  which  one  species  (P.  syntlietica)  is 
known  only  in  connection  with  the  single  species  of  Clisto- 
yucca,  one  (P.  maculata,  and  its  variety  aterrima),  with 
the  single  species  of  Hesperoyucca,  and  the  only  other 
known  species  (P.  yuccasella)  accompanies  the  various 
species  of  Yucca  across  the  continent  and  has  a  known 
north  and  south  range  from  the  great  bend  of  the  Mis- 
souri river  to  central  Mexico.  These  moths  are  not  known 
to  feed,  in  the  larval  stage,  on  anything  but  the  developing 
seeds  of  the  plants  named ;  so  that  the  mutual  dependence 
of  moth  upon  plant  and  of  plant  upon  moth  appears  to  be 
absolute, — no  doubt,  taken  in  connection  with  the  other 
ecological  peculiarities  of  the  yuccoids,  a  fact  of  the 
greatest  suggestiveness,  but  the  bearing  and  meaning  of 
which  has  as  yet  escaped  both  botanists  and  entomologists. 
That  the  flowers  were  formerly  pollinated  otherwise  appears 
to  be  indicated  by  the  presence  of  nectar-glands,  which 
now  appear  to  be  useless. 

The  Jong  perianth  tube  of  Samuela, — a  type  of  struc- 
ture usually  connected  with  pollination  by  some  insect  of 
corresponding  tongue-length,  for  which  the  nectar  is  thus 


THE    YUCCEAE.  125 

kept  from  shorter-tongued  insects,  —  is  so  closely  applied 
about  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary,  as,  apparently,  to  make 
it  impossible  for  any  insect  to  reach  the  bottom  of  the 
latter,  with  even  a  very  slender  tongue.  Though  the 
actual  pollination  of  this  genus  is  yet  to  be  observed,  it  is 
effected  by  Pronuba  yuccasella,  at  least  in  8.  Faxoniana, 
in  the  flowers  of  which  pollen-laden  females  of  the  moth 
were  discovered  by  my  son  and  myself  in  April,  1902,  and 
the  only  explanation  of  the  highly  specialized  tubular  peri- 
anth I  can  suggest  is  that,  restricting  the  access  of  the 
ovipositing  moths  to  the  upper  half  or  two-thirds  of  the 
ovary,  it  may  limit  the  number  of  eggs  that  they  can  lay 
in  a  given  pistil,  to  the  advantage  of  the  plant. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 

Unless  otherwise  stated,  the  illustrations  are  from  pho- 
tographs by  the  author.  Where  two  illustrations  occur  on 
a  plate,  the  upper  or  left-hand  is  referred  to  first. 

Frontispiece  to  article.  —  Samuela  Carnerosana,  in  the  Carneros  Pass, 
Mexico. 

Plate  1.  —  1,  Hesperaloe  parmflora,  cultivated  in  San  Antonio;  2,  H. 
jparviflora  Engelmanni,  cultivated  at  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden. 

Plate  2.  — Flowers  of  Hesperaloe  parviflora  Engelmanni,  natural  size. 
from  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden. 

Plate  3.  —  Hesperaloe  funifera,  at  Peyotes,  Mex. 

Plate  4.  —  1,  Hesperaloe  funifera,  capsules  from  Peyotes,  natural  size ; 
2,  Hesperoyucca  Whipplei,  capsules  from  Arrowhead  Springs,  Cal.,  natural 
size. 

Plate  5.  —  Hesperoyucca  Whipplei,  and  its  flowers,  reduced,  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  Cajon  Pass,  California. 

Plate  6.  —  Clistoyucca  arborescens,  at  Hesperia,  California. 

Plate  7.  —  Clistoyucca  arborescens,  flowers,  reduced,  and  fruit,  natural 
size,  at  Hesperia,  Cal. 

Plate  8.  —  Yucca  filamentosa,  at  Sanford,  Fla.,  and  flowers,  natural  size. 

Plate  9.  —  Yucca  filamentosa  bracteata,  cultivated  at  Brunswick,  Ga. 

Plate  10. —  Yucca  filamentosa  concava,  in  sand  dunes,  Isle  of  Palms, 
S.  C. 

Plate  11. —  Yucca  filamentosa  media,  cultivated  in  Tower  Grove  Park, 
St.  Louis.  Photographed  by  P.  T.  Barnes. 

Plate  12.  —  Partly  grown  fruit  of  Yuccas  cultivated  in  the  Missouri 


126  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

Botanical  Garden,  natural  size.  —  I,  Y.  filamentosa ;  2,  Y.  flaccida  glau- 
cescens. 

Plate  13.—  Yucca  flaccida  glaucescens,  cultivated  in  the  Missouri  Bo- 
tanical Garden.  —  Producing  racemose  secondary  inflorescences,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  central  panicles. 

Plate  14.  —  Yucca  flaccida  glaucescens,  cultivated  at  the  Missouri 
Botanical  Garden,  showing  thermotropism  of  inner  leaves. —  1,  Normal 
position  of  leaves,  at  a  temperature  slightly  above  the  freezing  point ; 
2,  Leaves  inrolled,  at  26°  F. 

Plate  15.—  Yucca  flaccida  glaucescens,  cultivated  at  the  Missouri 
Botanical  Garden.  —  Photographed  by  P.  T.  Barnes. 

Plate  16.  —  Yucca  flaccida,  near  Anniston,  Ala. 

Plate  17. —  Capsules,  natural  size.  —  1,  Yucca  flaccida  glaucescens, 
cultivated  at  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden;  2,  Y.  tenuistyla,  Industry, 
Tex.,  Lindheimer. 

Plate  18.  —  r?(cca  tenuistyla,  near  Sealy,  Tex. 

Plate  19.  —  Yucca  tenuistyla  from  near  Sealy,  Tex.  Small  sized  flowers, 
natural  size. —  Photographed  by  P.  T.  Barnes. 

Plate  20.  —  Yucca  constricta.  —  1,  Cultivated  at  the  Missouri  Botani- 
cal Garden  from  Seward  Co.,  Kas. ;  2,  Near  Uvalde,  Tex. 

Plate  21.  —  Capsules,  natural  size.  —  1,  Yucca  constricta,  Cline,  Tex. ; 
2,  Y.  radiosa,  Benson,  Ariz. 

Plate  22.  —  Yucca  radiosa,  at  Benson,  Ariz.  Fruiting  plants  and  an 
exceptionally  symmetrical  young  plant. 

Plate  23.  —  1,  Yucca  angustissima,  a  type  sheet  in  the  Engelmann  her- 
barium ;  2,  Yucca  glauca,  near  Albuquerque,  N.  M. 

Plate  24.  — Capsules,  natural  size.  —  1,  Yucca  angustissima,  from  near 
the  Grand  Canon,  Ariz. ;  2,  Yucca  glauca,  from  Mauitou,  Col. 

Plate  25.  —  Yucca  glauca,  cultivated  in  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden. 

Plate  26.  —  Yucca  glauca  stricta,  cultivated  in  Tower  Grove  Park, 
St.  Louis,  from  Seward  County,  Kas. 

Plate  27.  —  Flowers  of  Yucca  glauca  stricta,  natural  size,  from  the 
preceding.  —  Photographed  by  P.  T.  Barnes. 

Plate  28.  —  Yucca  Harrimaniae,  at  Helper,  Utah. 

Plate  29.  —  Yucca  Harrimaniae,  Helper,  Utah,  —  Capsules,  natural  size. 

Plate  30.  —  Yucca  Arkansana,  near  Fort  Worth,  Tex. 

Plate  31.  —  Yucca  Arkansana,  near  Dallas,  Tex.,  fruiting  plants. 

Plate  32.  —  Yucca  Louisianensis.  —  l,  Near  Jefferson,  Tex.;  2,  Near 
Texarkana,  Tex. 

Plate  33.  —  Yucca  Louisianensis,  Hughes  Springs,  Tex. 

Plate  34.  —  Yucca  Louisianensis,  Hughes,  Tex.  —  1,  Form  with  slen- 
derer, paler  style;  2,  Form  with  very  tumid  dark  green  style,  slightly 
reduced. 

Plate  35.—  Yucca  rigida,  near  Picardias,  Mex. 

Plate  36.  —  Capsules,  natural  size.  — 1,  Yucca  rigida,  from  Picardias, 
Mex. ;  2,  Yucca  rostrata,  from  Peyotes,  Mex. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  127 

Plate  37.  —  Yucca  rupicola?  Aberrant  sheet  of  Wright,  no.  1909,  in 
the  Torrey  herbarium. 

Plate  38. —  Yucca  rupicola, —  the  more  normal  Gray  herbarium  sheet 
of  Wright,  no.  1909. 

Plate  39.  —  Yucca  rupicola.  —  1,  Flowering  plant,  on  limestone  hills  a 
few  miles  west  of  Fort  Worth,  Texas;  2,  Flowers,  slightly  reduced,  of 
plant  cultivated  by  Mr.  J.  Reverchon,  from  same  locality. 

Plate  40.  —  Yucca  rostrata,  at  Peyotes,  Mex.  —  Flowering  plants. 

Plate  41.  —  Yucca  rostrata,  at  Peyotes,  Mex.  — The  upper  figure  show- 
ing the  lozenge-shaped  leaf-scars. 

Plate  42.  —  Yucca  rostrata,  at  Peyotes,  Mex.  — fruiting  plants.  —  The 
foreground  is  occupied  by  Agave  heteracantha. 

Plate  43.  —  Yucca  gloriosa,  in  the  sand  dunes  of  Tybee  Island,  Ga. 

Plate  44.  —  Yucca  gloriosa,  Tybee  Island,  Ga.  —  1,  Smooth-barked 
trunk,  with  roots,  exposed  by  the  shifting  of  the  sand;  2,  With  partly 
grown  fruit,  photographed  in  May. 

Plate  45.  —  Yucca  gloriosa  minor,  cultivated  in  the  Missouri  Botanical 
Garden.  —  At  the  left  are  Y.  aloifolia,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  Y.  elephan- 
tipes,  with  broad  more  flexible  leaves. 

Plate  46.  —  1,  Yucca  gloriosa  superba,  fruit  and  cross  section,  natural 
size,  — cultivated  in  Washington,  D.  C.  (Schott);  2,  Yucca  recurvifolia, 
fruit,  natural  size,  cultivated  at  Bluffton,  S.  C.  (Mellichamp,  in  1901). 

Plate  47.  —  1,  Yucca  recurvifolia  (2  m.  high),  cultivated  in  the  National 
Cemetery,  Vicksburg,  Miss. ;  2,  Yucca  flexilis  Hildrethi,  escaping,  at  St. 
Augustine,  Fla.,  photographed  in  May. 

Plate  48. — "  Yucca  De  Smetiana,"  cultivated  in  the  Yucca  tower 
of  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden. 

Plate  49.  —  Yucca  aloifolia.  —  1,  Associated  with  Ipomoea  Pes-Capreae, 
on  the  dunes  of  South  Beach,  St.  Augustine,  Fla. ;  2,  Overgrown  with 
SmilaXf  on  the  dunes  of  Tybee  Island,  Ga. 

Plate  50.  —  Yucca  aloifolia  Menandi,  type  plant  cultivated  at  the  Mis- 
souri Botanical  Garden.  —  Photographed  by  P.  T.  Barnes. 

Plate  51.  —  Yucca  elephantipes.  —  1,  A  large  tree,  at  El  Florido,  Guate- 
mala; 2,  The  dilated  base  of  a  tree,  at  Chiuautla,  Guatemala. 

Plate  52.  —  Yucca  Treculeana.  —  1,  In  flower,  cultivated  at  C.  P.  Diaz, 
Mex. ;  2,  In  fruit,  near  Peyotes,  Mex. 

Plate  53.  —  Yucca  Treculeana  canaliculata.  Cultivated  in  the  Alamo 
Plaza,  San  Antonio,  Tex. 

Plate  54.  —  Yucca  Treculeana  canaliculata.  Cultivated  at  the  Mis- 
souri Botanical  Garden.  —  Photographed  by  P.  T.  Barnes. 

Plate  55.  —  Yucca  Schottii,  west  of  Nogales,  Ariz.,  photographed  in 
August :  the  second  figure,  from  near  the  boundary  monument  in  the 
Sierra  del  Pajarito. 

Plate  56.  —  Yucca  Schottii  Jaliscensis.  "  Izote  ",  in  the  suburbs  of 
Zapotlan,  Mexico,  photographed  in  September. 

Plate  57.  —  Yucca  brevifolia.    The  mixed  type-sheet,  in  the  Torrey  her- 


128  MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 

barium.     The  leaves  are  representative  of   Y.   brevifolia,  and  the  inflor- 
escence, apparently,  of  Y.  Schottit. 

Plate  58.  —  Yucca  brevifolia,  toward  the  Santa  Cruz  river,  to  the 
northeast  of  Nogales,  Ariz. 

Plate  59.  —  Yucca  brevifolia.  Tree  about  2  meters  high,  with  panicle 
axis  from  preceding  year,  near  Nogales,  Arizona. 

Plate  60. —  Yucca  australis.  The  original  sheet  of  Thurber's  collection 
from  Parras,  Mex.,  in  the  Torrey  herbarium. 

Plate  61.  —  Yucca  australis.  —  1,  In  fruit,  at  Parras,  Mex.;  2,  In 
flower,  near  Topo  Chico,  Monterey,  Mex. 

Plate  62.  —  Yucca  valida.     Old  hedgerows,  near  Durango,  Mex. 
Plate  63.  —  Yucca  valida,  near  Gutierrez,  Mex. 

Plate  64.  —  Yucca  valida.  —  1,  Near  Gutierrez,  Mex.,  with  Opuntia  leu- 
cotricha  in  the  foreground ;  2,  Near  Camacho,  Mex. 

Plate  65.  —  Yucca  valida,  near  Gutierrez,  Mex.  —  The  lower  partrof  the 
trunk,  some  years  before,  had  been  decorticated  without  killing  the  tree, 
over  the  lower  part  of  which  a  new  bark  has  formed. 

Plate  66. —  Yucca  valida.  Flowers,  somewhat  reduced,  from  near 
Gutierrez,  Mex. 

Plate  67.  —  Yucca  valida.  Type  sheet,  from  San  Gregorio,  L.  Cal.,  in 
the  Brandegee  herbarium. 

Plate  68.  —  Yucca  baccata,  in  the  Grand  Canon,  Ariz.  —  The  fruit  is  20 
cm.  long. 

Plate  69.—  Yucca  baccata.  Fruit  of  the  preceding,  natural  size  (fore- 
shortened), showing  the  basal  disk.  —  Photographed  by  P.  T.  Barnes. 

Plate  70.  —  Yucca  macrocarpa.  Flowering  plant,  near  Sierre  Blanca, 
Texas. 

Plate  71. —  Yucca  macrocarpa.  Fruiting  plants,  in  the  type  region,  in 
the  great  bend  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

Plate  72.  —  Yucca  Mohavensis,  at  Drake,  Ariz.  —  The  right-hand  figure 
has  a  very  characteristic  plant  of  Fouquiera  in  the  foreground. 

Plate  73.  —  Samuela  Faxoniana,  near  Sierra  Blanca,  Tex.  —  Character- 
istic round-headed  trees. 

Plate  74.  —  Samuela  Faxoniana,  a  partly  sterile  fruiting  plantj  with 
persistent  bracts,  and  a  plant  beginning  to  bloom,  near  Sierra  Blanca, 
Texas. 

Plate  75.  —  Samuela  Faxoniana.  Leaf  tips  and  partly  grown  fruit 
(showing  the  fleshy  base  and  short  split  tube  of  the  perianth),  from 
Sierra  Blanca,  Tex.,  natural  size. 

Plate  76.—  Samuela  Carnerosana,  in  the  Carneros  Pass,  Mex.  Full 
blown  trees,  and  the  foliage  head  of  a  young  plant. 

Plate  77.  -  -  Samuela  Carnerosana.  Flowering  and  fruiting  trees  in  the 
Carneros  Pass,  Mex.  —  The  partly  sterile  inflorescence  is  conspicuous 
even  in  fruit,  because  of  its  persistent  large  bracts. 

Plate .78.—  Samuela  Carnerosana  in  the  Carneros  Pass,  Mex.  —  1, 
Fruiting  tree;  2,  Early  stage  of  flowering,  showing  the  large  bracts  and 
the  buds  in  which  the  panicle  branches  at  first  end. 


THE    YUCCEAE.  129 

Plate  79.  —  Samuela  Carnerosana,  from  the  Carneros  Pass,  Mex., 
natural  size.  —  1,  Inflorescence  bud;  2,  Flower,  with  nearer  part  of 
perianth  removed,  and  half  grown  fruit  with  the  persistent  split  perianth 
tube  upwards  of  2  cm.  long. 

Plate  80.  —  1,  Samuela  Carnerosana,  in  the  Carneros  Pass,  Mex.;  2, 
Yucca  flaccida,  var.,  cultivated  at  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden.  Both 
reduced.  —  The  perianth  differences  of  the  two  genera  are  well  shown. 

Plate  81.  —  Samuela  Carnerosana,  in  the  Carneros  Pass,  Mex.  —  1,  A 
trunk  decorticated  by  slashing  it  on  the  two  sides  and  tearing  the  leaves 
down,  exposing  the  pulpy  interior  for  stock  to  feed  upon;  2,  A  fruit, 
somewhat  reduced,  showing  the  split  dried  perianth  tube. 

Plate  82.  —  Yucca  elephantipes,  at  Chinautla,  Guatemala,  and  Samuela 
Faxoniana,  at  Sierra  Blanca,  Texas.  Flowers,  reduced  about  one-third. 

Plate  83.  —  Seeds  of  Yuccas,  natural  size.*  —  1,  Y.  Jilamentosa  con- 
cava,  Isle  of  Palms,  S.  C.  (Trelease) ;  2,  I",  flaccida  glaucescens,  culti- 
vated at  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden ;  3,  T".  tenuistyla,  Industry,  Tex. 
(Lindheimer) ;  4,  Y.  constricta,  Uvalde,  Tex.  (Trelease);  5.  Y.  radiosa, 
Presidio,  Tex.  (Trelease) ;  6,  Y.  angustissima  near  Grand  Canon,  Ariz. 
(Trelease);  7,  Y.  Arkansana,  New  Braunfels,  Tex.  (Lindheimer);  8, 
r.  Louisianensis,  Atoka,  Ind.  Ter.  (Butler) ;  9,  Y.  glauca,  N.  W.  Mis- 
souri (Bush);  10,  Y.  Harrimaniae,  Helper,  Utah  (Trelease). 

Plate  84.  —  Seeds  of  Yuccas,  natural  size.  —  1,  Y.  rigida,  Picardias, 
Mex.  (Trelease);  2,  Y.  rupicola,  New  Braunfels,  Tex.  (Lindheimer);  3, 
Y.  rostrata,  Peyotes,  Mex.  (Trelease) ;  4,  Y.  gloriosa  superba,  cultivated 
in  Washington,  D.  C.  (Schott);  5,  Y.  recurvifolia,  cultivated  at  Bluffton, 
S.  C.  (Mellichamp) ;  6,  T.  aloifolla,  Bluffton,  S.  C.  (Mellichamp) ;  7, 
Y.  elephantipes,  cultivated  at  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden;  8,  Y.  Tre- 
culeana,  New  Braunfels,  Tex.  (Lindheimer). 

Plate  85.  —  Seeds  of  Yucceae,  natural  size.  —  1,  Yucca  Schottii,  Pinal 
Mts.,  Ariz.  (Pringle);  2,  Y.  australis,  Parras,  Mex.  (Trelease);  3, 
Y.  valida,  Gutierrez,  Mex.  (Trelease) ;  4,  Y.  baccata,  Grand  Cafion,  Ariz. 
(Trelease);  5,  Y.  macrocarpa,  near  Presidio,  Tex.  (Trelease);  6,  Y. 
Mohavensis,  Drake,  Ariz.  (Trelease);  7,  Hesperaloe  parviflora,  Texas 
(Wright) ;  8,  H.  funifera,  Hacienda  de  Angostura,  Mex.  (Pringle,  no. 
3911);  9,  Hesperoyucca  Whipplei,  Arrowhead  Springs,  Calif .  (Trelease) ; 
10,  Clistoyucca  arborescens  (Palmer);  11,  Samuela  Faxoniana,  Sierra 
Blanca,  Tex.  (Trelease);  12,  S.  Carnerosana,  Carneros  Pass,  Mex. 
(Trelease). 

Plate  86.  — Germination  of  Yuccas,  natural  size.  —  1,  T.  radiosa;  2,  Y. 
macrocarpa. 

Plate  87.  —  Germination  of  Yucceae,  natural  size.  —  1,  Clistoyucca  ar- 
borescens; 2,  Samuela  Carnerosana. 

Plates  88-99.  —  Geographical  distribution  of  Yucceae.  —  Stations  noted 
by  the  author  are  indicated  by  a  X>  aod  the  general  range  known  to  him 
is  shown  by  horizontal  shading.  Many  gaps  require  filling. 


*  The  figures  in  this  and  the  following  plates  are  numbered  from  left 
to  right  in  the  several  rows,  beginning  with  the  uppermost. 

9 


INDEX. 


(Synonyms  in  Parenthesis. ) 


Agave  applanata  117 

Cubensls  (114) 

geminiflora  114 

funifera  (36) 

heteracantha  127.  pi.  42 
Aloe  Americana,  Comm.  (88,  89,  91) 

Juccae  follls,  Sloane.  (88) 

purpurea  levls,  Hunt.  (91) 

yuccae  follls,  Pink.  (89) 
Aloe  yuccaefolia  (30,  31) 
Aloes  Floridana,  Pluk.  (88) 
Alolneae  27,  28 
Astella  27,  28 
Beancarnea  (27) 

longifolia  (115) 
Chaenoyucca  43,  44,  46 
Cllstoyucca  29,  41,  123, 124 

arborescens  41,  103,  121,  122, 125, 129. 

pi.  6,  7,  86,  f.  10,  87,  f.  1,  88 
Cohnla  28 
Cordyline  27,  28 

Cordyline      foliis      pungentibus,     Van 
Eoyen  (72,  89) 

Dasylirion  27,  28, 114, 121 

acrotrlchuin  114,  115 

aloefolmm  (103, 105) 

graminlfohum  40, 114 

longlfohum  (115) 

pitcalrnifolium  (115) 

serratlfollnm  115 
Dracaena  27,  28 

Ehrenbergli  (94) 

Flntelmannl  (94) 

Lenneana  (94) 

Lennei  (94) 

yuccoides  (94) 
Dracaeneae  27,28 
Dracaennideae  28 
Draconl  arborl  affinis,  Bauh.  (91) 

Euyncca  43 

Fouqniera  128.  pi.  72 
Fnrcraea  Bedinghausii  43, 106 

Cubensls  114 

gemlnlspina  114 


Ilechtia  glomerata  115 

Herreria  27,28 

Hesperaloe  27, 28,  29, 31, 123, 124 

Davyl  (36,  37) 

Engelmanni  (33,  36) 

fnnifera  29,  36,  120,  125,  129.  pi.  3,  4, 
f.  1,  83,  f.  8,  96 

parviflora  29,  30,  125,  129.  pi.  l,f.  1, 
85,  f.  7,  83 

Engelmanni  33,  125.  pi.  l,f.  2,  2 

yuccaefolia  (30, 33) 
Hesperocallis  27, 28 
Hesperoyncca  29,  38, 123, 124 

Whipplel  39,  120,  121,  122, 12E,  129.  pi. 

4,  f.  2,  5,  86,  f.  9,  88 
Heteroyucca  43,  45,  71 

lucca,  Park.  (72) 

Perana,  Gerarde  (72) 
Peruana,  Johnson  (72) 

Jnca  Americana,  Munt.  (47) 
gloriosa,  Munt.  (72) 

Lilla  regia  (105) 
Lillum  regium  (105) 

Milllgania  27, 28 

Nollna  27,  28,  71 

longifolia  69, 115 
Nolineae  28 
Pronuba  maculata  124 

aterrima  124 

synthetica  124 

yuccasella  82,  85,  87,  89, 124, 126 

Roezlia  bulblfera  (105) 

regla  (105) 
Samuela  29, 116, 122, 123,  124 

Carnerosana  117,  118,  120,   121,  125, 

128,    129.    Frontispiece,  pi.    76-79, 

80,  f.  1,  81,  86,  f.  12,  87,  f.  2,  98 

Faxoniana  112,  117,  125,  128,  129.  pi. 

73-76,  82,  f.  2,  86,  f.  11,98 
Sarcoyncca  43,  45,  88 

Tacori,  Clus.  (91) 
Taxodium  123 


THE   YUCCEAE. 


131 


Xanthorrhoea  71 

Yuca,  Park.  (72) 

ioliis  Aloes,  Bauh.  (72) 
folila  fllamentosis,  Moris.  (47) 
Perana,  Gerarde.  (72) 
Yucca  27, 28,  29,  42, 120-124.  pi.  99. 
acaulls  (114) 
acrotrlcha  (114) 
acuminata  (72,  74, 79) 
acatifolla  (74) 
agavoldes  (96) 
alba-splca  (54,  57) 
X  albella  115 
albospica  (57, 82,  105) 
aletrlformls  (114) 
aloefolla  versicolor  (90) 
aloifolia  (39)  45,  81,  82,  84,  86,  87,  88, 

89,  90  (94)  110,  116, 122,  123,  124,  127, 

129.  pi.  46,  49,  84,  f.  6,  95 

arcuata  90, 92 

Menandi  90 

tenulf  olia  90 

conspicua  89, 92 

Draconis  89. 91, 95 

conspicua  89 

flexifolla  (92) 

marginata  89,  90 

Menandi  90,  93, 127.  pi.  50 

pnrpurea  89,  90 

quadrlcolor  (91) 

roseo- marginata  (91) 

stenophylla  (88) 

tennlfolia  90,  93 

tricolor  89,  91 

varlegata  (82,  90) 

Yucatana  90, 93 

X  Andreana  77 

angustlfolla  (54,  56, 60,  79,  82,  83,  114) 

elata  (56) 

mollls  (63) 

radlosa  (56) 

strlcta  (61,64) 

angustlsslma  45,  58,  126,  129.  pi.  23, 

/.  1,  24,  f.  1,83,  f.  6,  93 
arborescens  (41,  89) 
arcuata  (92) 
argospatha  (96) 
argyrophylla  (105) 
Arkansana45,  53,  54,55,  62,  63,  126, 

129.  pi.  30,  31,  83,  f.  7,  92 
armata  (88) 
aspera  (96) 
Atklnsl  (90) 
australls  46,  100,  103,  108-9  (117)  119, 

120,  1-28,  129.  pi.  60,  61,  85,  f.  2,  96 
baccata46,  109  (113,  119)  121,  122,128, 

129.  pi.  68,  69,  86,  f.  4,  97 


Yucca  baccata  australls  (103,  105-6,  119, 

111,  113) 

clrclnata  (103) 

fraglllfolla  (103) 

gennlna  (111) 

Hystrix  (103, 106) 

macrocarpa  (104, 110,  111,  117) 

periculosa  (103) 

Hcabrifolia  (103) 

Barrancasecca  (114) 

Boerhaavii  (80) 

Boscli  (114) 

Braslliensis  (.75) 

brevlfolla  (41)  46,  100  (103)  127,  128. 

pi.  67,  68,  69,  96    ^ 
California  (39, 95) 
canallculata  (97, 105) 

fillfera  (103) 

pendula  (97) 

X  Carrierel  74 

circinata  (103, 104, 106) 

concava  (49) 

conspicua  (92) 

constricia  15,  54  C56)  123,  123.  ;..'   _.'/, 

21,f.  1,  83, f.  4,  92 
contorta  (67, 9fc) 
cornuta  (82,  9 '.) 
crenulata  (88) 
XDeleuili  67,  74 
De  Smetiana  45, 87, 127.  pi.  43 
X  dracaenoldes  77 
Draco  (91) 
Draconis  (88,91) 

arborescens  (41) 

elata  (56,58) 

X  elegantlsslma  115 

elephantipes  45,  71,  92,  94,  123,  127, 

129.  pi.  45,  51,  82,  84,  f.  7 
Ellacombel  (75) 
X  Elmensls  116 
Engelraanni  (39) 
X  ensifera  79 
ensllolla  (80) 
exlgua  (52) 
Eylesll  (80) 
falcata  (80) 
fllamentosa  (39)  44,   46,   47    (48,  49, 

60-53,  64)  81,  82,  83,  87,  116, 120,  122, 

125, 126.  pi.  8, 12,  89,  91 

Antwerpensls  (51) 

—  aurea  elegantlsslma  (48) 

blcolor  (48) 

bracteata  47, 48, 125.  pi.  9, 90 

concava  47, 49, 84, 125, 129.  pi.  10, 

82,  f.  1,90 

flacclda  (49) 

glaucescens  (51, 82) 

grandillora  (52) 


132 


MISSOURI    BOTANICAL    GARDEN. 


Yucca  fllamentosa  laevlgata  (49) 

latlfolia  (49) 

major  (115, 116) 

maxima  (48,  52) 

media  47,  49, 125.  pi.  11 

patens  47,  48.  pi.  89 

paberula  (50) 

varlegata  47, 48  (77) 

flllfera(103,  104-6) 

flacclda  44,  49,  60,  51  (51)  83,  84, 116 

122, 126.  pi.  16,  91 

exigua,  52 

glaucescens,  50,  51,  126,  129,  pi. 

12-15,  17,  80,  f.  2,83,  f.  2 

lineata,  50. 

grandiflora,  51, 52 

exigua,  51 

Integra,  51 

Integra,  52 

lineata  52 

orchioides  50,  51 

flexllls  45,  78,  79,  81,  83,  87 

Boerhaavii  79,  80 

enslfolia  79,  80 

falcata  (80) 

Hlldrethl  79,  80, 127.  pi.  47,  f.  2 

patens  79,  81 

Peacockil,  79 

semicyllndrlca  79,  80 

tortulata,  79,  80 

folils  Aloes  (72) 

follls  lanceolatis  (47) 

folils  margine  integerrimis  (72) 

lollorum  marg.  cren.  (89, 92) 

fragilifolla  (103, 104, 106) 

funifera  (36, 38) 

Ghiesbreghtli  (94) 

glgantea  42, 45,  71 

glanca  45  (49,  52,  54,58)  59  (75).  82, 121, 

122,  126,  129.  pi.  23,  f.  2,  24,  f.  2, 

25,  83,  f.  9,93 

mollis  (63) 

stricta  (55)  61  (64)  126.  pi.  26,  27 

glancescens  (51,75) 

varlegata  (78) 

gloriosa  42,  45,  72,  73,  74  (74-6,  79)  81, 

84,  85,   87,  88  (95)  115,  116,  122,  123, 

127.  pi.  43,  44,  94 

acuminata  (72) 

elegans  marginata  (78) 

variegata  (78) 

Ellacombei  (75) 

glauca  pendnla  (116) 

glaucescens  (75) 

longlf  olia,  76,  82 

macnlata  76 

marginata  (78) 

aurea  (78) 


Yucca  gloriosa  medlo-plcta  (74) 

medio-striata  73,  74 

minor  73,  74,  80, 127.  pi.  45 

mollis  (64,76) 

nobilis  75 

parviflora75 

obllqna  73,  74 

planifolla  (76) 

plicata  73,  74,  75,  82,  84 

maculata  74,  76 

superba  74,  76 

prulnosa  (81) 

recurvata  (74) 

recurvifolla  (76) 

fol.  var.  (78) 

robnsta  73,  74,  75 

longifolia  73 

nobilis  73 

rofoclncta  (78) 

snperba  76,  127,  129.  pi.  46,  f.  1, 

84,  f.  4 

tortulata  (80) 

tristis(77) 

varlegata  (78) 

gramlnif  olia  (39, 114) 

Guatemalensls  (94) 

X  Guiglielmi  116 

Hanburii  (60) 

Harrimaniae  45,  59,  122,  126,  129.  pi- 

28,  29,  83,  f.  10,  93 
Harnckerlana  (91) 
Helkinsi  (87) 
horrida  (114) 
X  Imperator  116 
integerrima  (72) 
Japonica  (106) 
X  juncea  79 
X  laevigata  79,  82 
Lenneana  (94) 
XlHiacea  (116) 
lineata  lutea  (91) 
longifolia  (75,  79,  96, 115) 
Lonisianensis  45,  54,  62,  64,83, 126,129. 

pi.  32,  33,  34,  83,  /.  8,  92 
lutescens  (67) 
macrocarpa  46  (98)  110  (113,  117),  117, 

128-9.  pi.  70,  71,  85,  f.  5,  86,  f.  2,  98 
X  magniflca  116 
X  margaritacea  116 
X  Masslllensls  79 
Mazell  (98-9) 
medio-picta  (91) 
Meldensis  (50,51) 
Mexicana(78,  92) 
Mohavensls  46,  110,  112,  113,  128,  129. 

pi.  72,  85,  f.  6,  98 
Mooreana  (94) 
obllqua  (74,  76) 


THE   YUCCEAE. 


133 


Yncca  orchioldes  (51) 

major  (51) 

Ortglesiana  (39,41) 
Parmentierl  (105) 
parvlflora  (30) 
patens  (81) 
pavillora  (30) 
Peacockii  (79) 
pendula  (76, 82) 

aurea  (78) 

varlegata  (78) 

periculosa  (103. 104, 106) 
Fernana  (72) 
plcta  (91) 
pltcairnlfolia  (115) 
plicata  (75,  82-3) 

glauca  (76) 

plicatllis  (75) 

polyphylla  (57, 103, 104, 106) 

X  praecox  116 

Pringlel  (43, 106) 

prninosa  (81) 

pubernla  (49, 100) 

qnadricolor  (91,  93) 

variegata  (91) 

xadiosa  45,  56    (58)  104,  117,  121,  126, 

129.  pi.  21,  f.  2,  22,  83,  f.6,  86,  f. 

1,93 
recurva  (76) 

elegantlsslma  (78) 

recurvata  (97) 

recurvifolia  45, 48, 64,  75, 76, 77,  81, 82, 

83,  84,  86,  87, 122, 123, 127, 139.  pi.  46, 

f.2,47,f.l,84,/.6,94 

elegans  77,  78 

marginata  77, 78 

ruf  ocincta  77,  78 

tristls77 

variegata  77, 78 

revolnta  (97) 

rlglda  45,  65  (67)  106,  126, 129.  pi.  35, 

36,f.l,  84,f.l,  93 
Koezlil  (94) 
rostrata  45,  68,  104,  126,  127,  129.  pi. 

36,  f.  2,  40,  41,  42,  84,  /.  5,  93 
rubescens  (115) 
rubra  (74) 
rofoclncta  (78) 
rupicola  46,  67, 83, 116, 127, 129.  pi.  37, 

38,  39,  84,  f.  2,  93 
rigida  (65,  67) 


Yucca  rupicola  tortifolia  (66-7) 

scabrlfolia  (103, 104, 106) 

schidigera  (113) 

Schottil  46,  98  (99,  100)  101,  103, 127, 
128, 129.  pi.  65,  67,  86,  f.  1,  96 

- — Jaliscensiu  99, 120, 127.  pi.  66,  96 

semicylindrlca  (80) 

serratifolia  (115) 

serrulate  (88) 

argent eo -marginata  (90) 

splnosa  (114-5) 

stenophylla  (79, 114-5) 

Stokesl  (91) 

X  stria  tula  79 

strlcta  (61,  64) 

elatior  (64) 

intermedia  (64) 

X  sulcata  74 

auperba  76 

tenuifolia  (93) 

tenulstyla  45,  63,  62,  126,  129.  pi.  17 
f.2,  18,  19,  83,  f.S,  92 

Tonellana  (105) 

tortilis  (67) 

tortulata  (80) 

Trecnleana  45,  82,  83,  96,  97  (99, 103) 
106, 112, 115, 120, 122, 127, 129.  pi.  62, 
84,  f.  8,  95. 

canaliculate  97,  127.  pi.  63,  64, 

96 

glauca  (97) 

undulata  (97) 

X  Trelcascl  116 

tricolor  (91) 

nndulata  (80, 97) 

valida  46,  107,  128, 129.  pi.  62-67,  86, 
f.  3,  97 

Vandervinnlana  (96) 

variafolla  (77) 

variegata  (90) 

versicolor  (30) 

Virglnlana  (47) 

X  virldlflora  116 

X  Vomerensis  116 

Whipplei  (39) 

glanca(39) 

graminlfolla  (39) 

vlolacea  (40) 

Yacatana  93 
Yucceae  27, 28 
Yuccoldeae  27 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


HESPEBALOE  ]' AHVIFLORA  AND  VAR.  ENGELMANNL 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  2. 


HESPERALOE  PARVIFLORA  ENGELMANNI. 


KEPT.  Mo.  LOT.  GAKI>.,  VOL.  13. 


HESPERALOE  FUNIFKRA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  4. 


HESPERALOE  AND  HESPERYOUCCA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  5. 


HESPEUOYUCCA  WHIPPLEI. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  6. 


CLISTOYUCCA  ARBORESCENS. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GAKD,,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  7. 


CLISTOYUCCA  ARBORESCENS. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  8. 


YUCCA  FILAMENTOSA. 


KKIJT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  FILAMKNTOSA  BRACTEATA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  FILAMENTOSA  CONCAVA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  FILAMENTOSA  MEDIA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  FILAMENTOSA  AND  Y.  FLACCIDA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  FLACCIDA  GLAUCESCENS. 


KEPT.  >lo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


THERMOTROPISM  OP  YUCCA  FLACCIDA. 


REI-T.  Mo.  EOT.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  FLACCIDA  GLAUCESCEXS. 


REFT.  Mo.  BOT.  GA.KD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  FLACCIDA. 


BEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  FLACCIDA  AND  Y.  TENUISTYLA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VO 


YUCCA  TBNUISTYLA. 


KKPT.  Mo.  EOT.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  TEXUISTYLA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  IJOT.  GA.KD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  20. 


1 


YUCCA  CONSTRICTA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BUT.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  CONSTRICTA  AXD  Y.  RADIOSA. 


.  Mo.  BOT.  GARIX,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  RADIOSA. 


REFT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  ANGUSTISSIMA  AND  T.  GtAUCA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  24. 


YUCCA  ANGUSTISSIMA  AND  Y.  GLAUCA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  GLAUCA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  GLAUCA  STRICTA. 


KKPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  27. 


YUCCA  GLAUCA  STRICTA. 


PLATE  M. 


YUCCA  HARRIM  \N1  \l 


SEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


TLATE  29. 


YUCCA  HARRI.MAXIAE. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GAHD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  so. 


YUCCA  ARKAXSANA. 


IIEVT.  Mo.  EOT-  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  si. 


YUCCA  ARKAXSANA. 


REFT.  Mo.  BOX.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  LOUISIAXENSIS. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


k 


YUCCA  LOUISIANENSIS. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  34. 


YUCCA  LOUISIANEN8IS. 


EEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  35. 


YUCCA  RIGIDA. 


KBIT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  36. 


YUCCA  BJGIDA  AND  T.  ROSTRATA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  37. 


YUCCA  RUPICOLA 


REFT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  RUPICOLA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  RUPICOLA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATK  40. 


YUCCA  KOSTRATA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GAHD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  41. 


YUCCA  ROSTRATA. 


REFT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  42. 


YUCCA  ROSTRATA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  43. 


YUCCA  GLORIOSA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  is. 


YUCCA  GLORIOSA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


m*s  -.,.w 


, 


YUCCA  GLOKIO8A  MINOR. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  GLORIOSA  AND  Y.  RECURVIFOLIA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  47. 


YUCCA  RKCrKVTFoLIA  AND  Y.  FLEXILIS. 


.  Mo.  HOT.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  48. 


"  YUCCA  DE  SMETIANA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GA.RD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  49. 


YUCCA  ALOIFOLIA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  HOT.  GAED.,  VOL.  is. 


PLATE  50. 


YUCCA  ALOIFOLIA    MENANDI. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  ELEPHANTTPES. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATB  52. 


YUCCA  TRECULEANA. 


REFT.  Mo.  Box.  GAED.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  TRECULEAXA  CAXAUCULATA. 


REFT.  Mo.  Box.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  TRECULEANA  CANALICULATA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  65. 


YUCCA.  SCHOTTTI. 


REFT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  8CHOTTII  JALISCENSIS. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  BREVIFOLIA. 


REFT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATB  58. 


YUCCA  BREVIFOLIA. 


REFT.  Mo.  BOT.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  BREVIFOLIA. 


REFT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  AUSTBALIS. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YT7CCA  AUSTRALIS. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  CARD.,  VOL.  13 


YUCCA  VALID  A. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  63. 


YUCCA  VALIDA. 


REFT.  Mo.  EOT.  GAUD.,  VOL.  is. 


PLATE  64. 


YUCCA  VALIDA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  VALIDA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GAUD.,  VOL.  is. 


PLATE  C6. 


YUCCA  VALIDA. 


REFT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  67. 


YUCCA  VALIDA. 


REFT.  Mo.  Box.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUOCA  BAOCATA 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  C9. 


YUCCA  BACCATA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  MACROCARPA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  71. 


YUCCA  MACROCARPA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  72. 


YUCCA  MOHAVKNSI8. 


.  Mo.  EOT.  GAKD.,  VOL.  is. 


PLATE  73. 


SAMUELA  FAXOXIANA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  74. 


SAMUBLA  FAXONIANA. 


REFT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  75. 


SAMUELA  FAXONIANA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  76. 


8AMUELA  CARNKROSANA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  77. 


8AMUELA  CARNKROSANA. 


REPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  78. 


SAMUELA  CARNEROSANA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PtATE  79. 


SAMUELA  CARNEROSANA. 


REFT.  Mo.  Box.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  80, 


SAMUELA  CARNEROSANA  AND  YUCCA  FLACCIDA. 


REFT.  Mo.  Box.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


SAMUELA  CARNKROSANA. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  ELEPHANTIPES  AND  SAMUELA  FAXONIANA. 


UEIT.  Mo.  HOT.  GARU.,  VOL.  13. 

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••••• 


M 


-KKI'S    UK    YUCCAS. 


KEPT.  Mo.  HOT.  GAKD.,  VOL.  13. 


«*»*•»» 

»*»«tt» 

«*«**<* 


*»»»** 


ttttt* 


8KKD.S    OF    YUCCAS. 


KEPT.  Mo.  HOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


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SBEDS    OF    YUCCKAK. 


KEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  86. 


GERMINATION  OF  YUCCEAK. 


REFT.  Mo.  EOT.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  87. 


GERMINATION  OP  YUCCKAB. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  88. 


1.   HESPEROTUCCA.       2.   H£SFERALOE  PARVIFLORA. 


CLISTOYUCCA  ARBORESCEX8. 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  YUCCEAE. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


TUCCA  FILAMENTOSA  VERA. 


TUCCA  PILAMENT08A  PATENS. 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  YUCCKAK. 


EEPT.  Mo.  EOT.  GAHD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  90. 


YUCCA  FILAMENTOSA  BRACTEATA. 


YUCCA  PILAMBNTO8A  CONCAVA. 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  YUCCEAK. 


REFT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  FILAMENTOSA  and  varieties. 


TUCCA  FLACCIDA. 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  YUCCKAE. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GA.RD.,  VOL.  13. 


I-LATE  92. 


1.  YUCCA  LOUISIANEN8IS.       2.   T.  TENUISTYLA. 


1.  YUCCA  CON9TBICTA.       2.   Y.  ARKANSANA. 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  YUCCKAK. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  93. 


1.   YUCCA  ANGUSTISSIMA.       2.   T.  GLAUCA.       3.  T.  RADIOSA.       4.   T.   HABRIMAXIAK. 


1.  T.  RUPICOLA.      '2.  T.  RIQIDA.      3.  T.  RO8TRATA. 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  YUCCKAB. 


KEPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  94. 


YUCCA  GLO1UOSA. 


a -5f*   \  M°*T  i       N.BAK. 

°«,.         1         \       «  { J 

,0.UW 1      . 


TPCCA  RBCURVIFOLIA. 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  YUCCBAK. 


REPT.  Mo.  Box.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


YUCCA  ALOIFOLIA,  in  the  United  States. 


YUCCA  TRECUIJSANA.      '2.   Y.  TRKCULEANA  CANALICULATA. 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  YUCCEAK. 


KEPT.  Mo.  DOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  96. 


HESPEKALOE  FUNIFERA.      2.  YUCCA  SCHOTTII.      3.  T.  SCHOTTII  JALISCENSIS. 


fs~- r^J^ 


<T*^v- 


1.  YUCCA  BREVIFOLIA.      2.  Y.  AU8TRALI8. 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  YUCCEAE. 


KEPT.  Mo.  Box.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


PLATE  97. 


TUCCA  VALIDA. 


YUCCA  BACCATA. 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  TUCCEAE. 


REPT.  Mo.  BOT.  GARD.,  VOL.  13. 


1.  TUCCA  MOHATENSIS.      2.  T.  MACKOCARPA. 


1.  SAMTJELA  FAXONIANA.      2.  8.  CARNERO8ANA. 
DISTRIBUTION  OP  YUCCKAK. 


REFT.  Mo.  feo-r.  CARD.,  VOL.  13. 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  YUCCA  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  MEXICO. 

Horizontal  shading  indicates  the  range  of  capsnlar  species,  and  vertical  shading, 
of  baccate  species. 


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